金門王爺信仰與僑鄉的傳播、擴散與發展

宗教信仰不僅一種生活習慣，更會影響國家內政與國籍問題。明清以降，大量福建沿海人民遠渡南洋，將原鄉信仰遷徙到新僑居地。本文藉由文獻與訪談僑生方式，解決金門王爺信仰在東南亞各國分佈，以及僑民在東南亞國家原本東方信仰受到擠壓後面臨到的挑戰。首先，研究發現金門位在東南亞僑胞又以馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓、汶萊與印尼數量居多，且都有廣澤尊王的信眾，突顯了在地化、跨境、結盟、多元化、融合共生的特點。最後，在未來的發展或挑戰。發現面臨三種挑戰分別是僑居地與神祇、聚落關係緊密；東方佛教、道教在東南亞國家仍非大宗信仰；以及金僑後代對東方神祇信仰逐漸弱化。特別是從訪談過程當中發現，金僑後代對東方神祇信仰逐漸弱化，特別發生在信奉伊斯蘭教的國家中，尤以馬來西亞與印尼為最，特別是前者直接植入到憲法當中，規定馬來人放棄原本信仰去信奉伊斯蘭教。

關鍵字

金門王爺信仰；金門僑鄉

並列摘要

Religious belief is not only a habit of life but also a factor affecting national affairs and issues of nationality. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large coastal population from Fujian province has traveled to Southeast Asia, migrating their native religious beliefs to their new homes. This study draws on the existing literature and conducts interviews with overseas compatriots to better understand the distribution of Kinmen's Wang Ye beliefs to the nations of Southeast Asia and to understand the challenges faced by expatriates in nations where original East Asian beliefs have been suppressed. This study finds that the greatest numbers of Kinmen expatriates to Southeast Asia come from Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia. Each of these nations has overseas Kinmen followers of the deity Guang Ze Zun Wang, highlighting the characteristics of localization, cross-border belief, alliance, diversification, integration, and symbiosis. Moreover, this study highlights future developments and challenges. Three major challenges were identified: the close relationship between the settlements of those living overseas and their gods and deities; the fact that East Asian Buddhism and Taoism are not yet major beliefs in Southeast Asia; and the gradual weakening of belief in East Asian deities and religions among the later generations of emigrants from Kinmen. In particular, the interview process revealed a gradual weakening of belief in East Asian deities and religions among the later generations of emigrants from Kinmen, with this trend being especially prominent among those in nations that practice Islam. Malaysia and Indonesia, particularly, have directly embedded this concept into their constitutions, with Malaysia stipulating that Malay people must renounce their original beliefs and instead practice Islam.