從《文心雕龍》「六觀」看蘇轍的記體散文

本論文從劉勰《文心雕龍》「六觀」之說出發，所謂：「觀位體」、「觀置辭」、「觀通變」、「觀奇正」、「觀事義」、「觀宮商」，據以鑑賞蘇轍記體散文，可知在「設情以位體」，其特色是：立意高遠，迂迴點題；先敘後議或先議後敘；文有伏筆，前後照應；善用文眼，樹意立篇。在「撮辭以舉要」，其特色有：喜夾駢句，鍊字不具華麗之風；善用對偶營造氣勢；好用譬喻及轉化使形象生動；多用空間上的對立巧構類句或對句營造立體畫面；喜以排比句式承上啟下。在「通變則久」的特色有：改變傳統記體文章的俗套；變化辭賦主客對答的方式；取法前人描寫及修辭鍊字的技巧；鑄造汪洋澹蕩的獨特風格；對坎坷際遇的平和調適；深化文氣之說。在「執正以馭奇」方面特色則是：思想來源雅正；個性平正澹泊；接續唐宋古文運動理論文之端正；學記文章，具莊正之氣。至於立意之奇、造語之奇、述聞之奇、尺幅千里氣勢汪洋之奇，都令人激賞。在「酌事以取類」，其特色有：多以人物為描寫的重點；好以循吏、禪寺、禪道、堂、亭、庵、院為題材；常追憶往昔舊事；好引經典以議論說理。「諷誦則績在宮商」方面的特色是：轉腔運調高妙；善用長短句交錯；善用密接短句表達心中的驚惶不安；善用聲韻以因應文情心緒之抑揚起伏。總之，蘇轍的記體散文，無論是在「位體」、「置辭」、「通變」、「奇正」、「事義」、「宮商」方面的表現適切，足以為後世習文之典範。

關鍵字

文心雕龍；六觀；蘇轍；記體散文；唐宋八大家

並列摘要

This paper sets out on the theory of ”Liuguan” (Six Aspects) from the ”Wenxin diaolong” (The Mind of Literature and Carving Dragons) by Liu Xie, with the so-called: Aspect of ”Weiti (Genre and Style)”, Aspect of ”Zhici (Phrase Composition)”, Aspect of ”Tongbian (Change and Adaptation)”, Aspect of ”Qizheng (Nonconformity and Conformity)”, Aspect of ”Shiyi (Meaning of Topic Material and Classical Citations) and Aspect of ”Gongshang (Syllables)”, on the basis of such, in order to make appraisal on the record style essays of Su Zhe. To know that ”By way of genre and style, to set up the emotional contents of an article”, the characteristics of which are: its intentions are ambitious, highlighting its themes in twists and turns; either firstly with description then discussion or vice versa; there are hidden themes somewhere along the way to make corresponding to the whole article; Being good at using critical phrases, to set up unique styles and meanings on its own. On the aspect of ”Making examples with phrase compositions”, with its characteristics as: preference with addition of parallel sentences, and its philology and choice of words are without flamboyance; good at using antithesis to create momentum; fond of using metaphors and personification, making the images come alive; oftentimes with contrast on the breaks, to skillfully construct analogy or couplet for creating contour outlooks; fond of using parallelism sentences to make a start as well as a linkage to another. On the aspect of ”staying longer with changes and adaptation, with the features as: to change the cliché in the traditional descriptive articles; to change the approaches of how the dialogues go between the host and guest in the Chinese verses; to make imitation on the skills of how the ancient people describe and make composition on philology and their choice of words; to shape out a unique style that is as broad and pleasant as the ocean; to tone down life's bitterness with composure; to deepen its philosophy on the essence of literature. On the aspect of ”Holding one's views with conformity to overcome what might be awry”, the characteristics of which are: the sources of its thinking are elegant and accurate; composition as acceptable and down-to-earth; as continuance of justification for compositions of theories from Old Chinese Literature Movement during the period between Tang and Song Dynasties; with articles on the theory of education, to possess essence of reverence and rationalization. As to peculiarity of intentions, oddity of sentence making, eccentricity to state what one has been heard and told, as well as strangeness of how the descriptions can go far-reaching as well as full of stamina as broad as the ocean, all of which are motivating and admirable. On the aspect of ”Taking consideration of things to make classification on them”, its features are: mostly with emphasis to describe people and objects; fond of using good public servants, monasteries, Zen interpretations, as well as temples such as Tang, Ting, An and Yuan as its topic materials; oftentimes with recalls to things in the old times; prefer to cite classical works for discussing theories and presenting argumentations. On the aspect of ”Reading with intonation and expression by its performance on ”syllables”, its features are: being skillful at turns of tones and keys; good at using Changduanju (opera form of Chinese poetry) here and there; good at using intensive duanju (short poetry) for expressing one's anxiety inside; good at using phonetics, to show the rise and fall on one's emotions in the articles. On a whole, for the record style essays of Su Zhe, when looking at his performances on the aspects of ”Weiti (Genre and Style)”, ”Zhici (Phrase Composition)”, ”Tongbian(Change and Adaptation)”, ”Qizheng (Nonconformity and Conformity), ”Shiyi (Meaning of Topic Material and Classical Citations)” and ”Gongshang (Syllables)”, they are just superbly fitted, and are sufficiently enough as exemplary to study literary forms for the later generations.