日語句末表現之語用考察－臺日比較之觀點

A Pragmatic Study on Japanese Sentence Final Expression: A Comparison of Taiwanese and Japanese

黃鈺涵(Yu-Han Huang)

《臺大東亞文化研究》 5期 (2018/04) Pp. 185-203

https://doi.org/10.6579/NJEAC.201804_(5).0011

摘要

本研究以「ダロウ」及「デショウ」兩助動詞為對象，著眼於其意義上及文體上之類義性，從語用學的觀點，考察兩表現形式出現於會話中的使用語境，並闡明日語母語話者及臺灣日語學習者的使用傾向。調查方法採用第二言語習得研究中的｢談話完成測試｣，結果顯示日語母語話者在實際的會話場面中，使用「ダロウ」及「デショウ」作為句末表現的頻率並不高，在表達推測或不確定之語意時，大多會使用｢（の）かな｣、｢んじゃない｣等其他表現形式。然而，臺灣日語學習者雖然在句末表現的使用上，對於待遇表現具有一定程度的認識，亦即能夠根據與對方的上下及親疏關係調整表達形式及文體，但未能意識到自然談話中語感強弱及男女使用傾向等語用層面之差異，因此無法在實際的談話語境中，運用豐富而多樣的句末表現，表現較為生硬不自然。此外，日本語母語話者實際使用「ダロウ」及「デショウ」的情形中，除了「確認」用法之外，在「推量」及「疑念」的用法上，亦存在著語用層面之差異，尤其可明顯看出男女使用傾向之不同。相較於此，臺灣日語學習者的使用情形中，並未觀察到男女性別的語用差異。由於中文並不像日文般有著豐富的情態表現，尤其左右語言使用的語用要素亦不相同，因此在句末表現之使用意識及語用層面上，臺日間存在著相當程度的差異。今後在日語教學上，除了提示文法句型的用法及機能之外，亦需提示具體的談話語境及語用要素，包含文體、待遇表現、語感強弱、男女用語等，進而提升日語學習者的實際運用能力。

關鍵字

句末表現 ； 語用 ； 「ダロウ」 ； 「デショウ」

並列摘要

This research focuses on the similarity of two auxiliary verbs ＂darou＂ and ＂deshou＂ and explores the contexts in which the two expressions appear in conversations. Meanwhile, this author compares the usage tendency and differences between Japanese native speakers and Taiwanese Japanese learners by using the research method ＂conversation completion test＂ in Second Language Acquisition. The results shows that in actual conversation scenes, most of Japanese native speakers would use ＂(no)kana＂, ＂njanai＂ and other expressions as the sentence final expression rather than ＂darou＂ and ＂deshou＂. Although Taiwanese Japanese learners have a certain degree of recognition of Taigu Expression, that is, they can adjust their expressions and styles according to their relationship with each other, but fail to recognize other Pragmatic elements, such as the strength of speech and the usage tendency differences between men and women. Therefore, Taiwanese Japanese learners cannot use various sentence final expression in actual conversation scenes. In addition, in cases where Japanese native speakers use ＂darou＂ and ＂deshou＂, there are pragmatic differences in the usages of ＂guess＂ and ＂doubt＂ except for the ＂confirmation＂ usage, especially the different tendencies of men and women. In contrast, pragmatic differences between men and women are not observed in cases where Taiwanese Japanese learners use ＂darou＂ and ＂deshou＂. As Modality Expressions are less frequently used in Chinese than in Japanese, it appears degrees of difference in the usage awareness and pragmatic elements between Taiwanese' and Japanese' sentence final expression. Therefore, in order to improve Japanese learners' practical ability, it is necessary to present specific contexts of conversation and pragmatic elements, including language styles, Taigu Expression, strength of speech, expressions of men and women, etc. in Japanese teaching.

並列關鍵字

sentence final expression ； pragmatic ； ＂darou＂ ； ＂deshou＂