飛航紀錄器水下定位系統之研究與發展

對於航空器墜入水中之飛航事故，最初步的事故調查作為就屬飛航紀錄器之搜尋與打撈。飛航紀錄器落水後，其水下定位發報器會持續發出37.5 kHz 的訊號，於30 日後則會因電力不足而喪失訊號，這突顯紀錄器偵搜與定位的急迫性。傳統方法為搜尋人員利用水下聽音器判定飛航紀錄器之方位，但接收到音頻訊號時，只能概略確認聲音來源方向無法得知相對距離，透過反覆的人工三角定位方法，粗略地推測紀錄器之可能位置。為爭取搜尋及打撈之時效性，飛安會發展第1 代飛航紀錄器水下定位系統，整合全球衛星定位系統、水下聽音器、地理資訊系統及水下偵搜軟體，進行飛航紀錄器位置之估算。經過歷年的演練測試及實際偵搜作業，進一步開發第2 代及第3 代飛航紀錄器水下定位系統，簡化系統以提升攜帶之便利性，優化系統操作介面，以提升操作時的靈活性。本文將以歷年飛航事故演練實例，說明新一代飛航紀錄器水下定位系統估算結果及可能的誤差來源，並探討增加聲音訊號處理以提升定位精度之可能性。

關鍵字

水下定位系統；水下聽音器；飛航紀錄器；黑盒子；地理資訊系統

並列摘要

While an aviation occurrence happened and the aircraft crashed into water, the first accident investigating is survey and recovery of flight recorders. When the recorders dropped into water, the Underwater Locator Beacon mounted on recorders would transmit the pulse signal of 37.5 kHz periodically. The duration of the ULB signal is only 30 days, so investigators would face extreme stress to find the recorders. Traditionally, the investigators utilize the pinger receiver to determinate the direction of acoustic sources. Once received the signal, the investigators could confirmed the direction without the information of related distance. And only use the artificial triangular-positioning method repeatedly to calculate the rough position of recorders. To advantage the work of searching and salvage the recorders, ASC developed the Flight Recorder Underwater Locating System which integrated the pinger receiver, GPS, GIS, and survey program to estimate the position of the recorders. Through practical exercises and accident investigating, ASC developed new FRULS-II and FRULS-III to simplify the operating components and increase the resilience of system. This study shows recently practical exercises, estimates the possible position of the recorders and illustrates the system error. Furthermore, this research attempts to enhance the system error through dealing with ULB signal strength.