飛機座艙自動系統之設計邏輯與顯性失效之關聯

The Design Principles of Flight Deck Automationand the Occurrence of Active Failures in Aviation

Martin Brennan ； Wen-Chin Li

《航空安全及管理季刊》 4卷2期 (2017/04) Pp. 81-97

摘要

航空科技的突飛猛進已顯著的提升飛機的操作性能與系統整合之能力，也因為座艙自動化系統之設計，讓飛行員的手動操控飛機之負荷得以降低。自動化系統引進座艙之後卻也改變了座艙中的人-機互動模式，飛行員逐漸地被排除在直接地操作飛機之流程之外，轉變成整個飛機座艙中各系統的監督與管理者。雖然有研究對座艙自動系統是否能顯著改善飛安與飛行效能仍存在著一些疑慮，因為自動化系統整合了座艙內許多複雜的系統，這些系統彼此相互關連又相互影響的在操控飛機的飛行參數，增加了飛行員對理解飛機飛行模式的難度。這也許是因為飛機座艙中的主要操控者是飛行員還是自動系統的定位不明確所衍生的設計問題。目前飛機各系統的運作幾乎都是自動系統在管理與監督，飛行員手動操控飛機起飛與降落的現象已經大幅降低，所以當自動系統發生問題時，飛行員很難及時接手來操控飛機。本研究基於主動式飛安報告系統（ASRS）之報告中有關波音（BOEING）與空巴（AIRBUS）之飛行器的顯性失效事件，研究目的在探討座艙中系統隱性失效發生時，如何影響飛行員的決策、認知、操作技術、與違反操作程序等顯性人為失誤，以釐清不同之設計邏輯是否引發出不同類型之人為失誤。

關鍵字

顯性失效 ； 自動系統 ； 座艙設計 ； 人因工程 ； 人為因素分析與歸類系統

並列摘要

The evolution of advanced technology systems in aviation has seen radicallyincreased capabilities of aircraft, and equally radical changes in how aircraft areflown. Relieving flight crews of much of the manual workloads associated with flying, automation has brought about a shift in the dynamic on the flight deck as the role of crews -who aregradually beingremoved from direct control of the aircraft -moves towards that of supervisors and managers of the vast array of systems on-board. There is little doubt that automation has provided significant benefits in terms of increased performance, endurance and safety. Yet the sleekness and simplicity of the modern flight deck has proven deceptive. The complexities of aircraft systems, their dependencies and interdependencies, may mask interactions and inhibit the pilot's understanding of systems functionalities. Perhaps just as importantly, as automated systems assumed greater levels of autonomy and authority, the position of automation - and its relationship with those other key players in the cockpit - has not always been explicitly stated. Now managing and overseeing the aircraft's systems, crews, whose exposure to manual flying has been reduced largely to the take-off and landing phases of flight, may be exposed to error causing conditions where they may not understand what the automation is doing. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of latent conditions (pre-cursor faults) on the occurrence of decision errors, skill-based errors, perceptual errors and violations (active failures / unsafe acts). Based on the ASRS data analysis it was determined that while there was a significant number of automation pre-cursor faults associated with Airbus, Boeing aircraft were more likely to have mechanical related pre-cursor events.

並列關鍵字

Active Failures ； Automation ； Flight Deck Design ； Human Factors Analysis and Classification System

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