印尼爪哇傳統巫術（Perdukunan）醫療中的音聲系統

音聲在宗教儀式裡一直佔有一個極為重要的地位，而在印尼爪哇巫術醫療系統之中也是如此。在印度教、佛教、伊斯蘭教與基督宗教進入印尼之前，傳統巫術一直都是印尼許多地區的主要宗教信仰。如今，雖然在印尼的主流社會中，伊斯蘭教是大部分地區的主要信仰宗教，但屬於薩滿（shamanism）系統的巫術，仍然存在於社會各個階層當中，並適度的與伊斯蘭做某一程度的結合，成為所謂的爪哇喀嘉文（kejawen）文化的一環。許多當地的老百姓，當他們生病或者遇到一些不可解釋的超自然（supernatural or paranormal）現象，常常還是會去就教巫師。而巫師更是會使用咒文、宗教歌曲、法器等音聲體系於巫術醫療儀式當中。在這些音聲系統中，有些是直接與巫術醫療有關，例如醫療咒文與歌曲用來迎神、娛神以醫治病患，或者部分法器可幫助病患集中精神以達到醫療目的；有些音聲則是間接與巫術醫療有關，例如在入神舞蹈中的樂器演出，可能只是在吸引觀眾或幫助舞者入神及節奏的掌握等。因此本文主要在於討論巫術宗教醫療儀式系統中的咒文類型、歌曲運用與法器功能。為了深入了解音聲在爪哇巫術醫療儀式中的運用、功能與角色，本文將以以下五個方向作為研究重點：印尼爪哇地區巫術與醫療、賈蘭功巫術宗教儀式、巫術醫療系統中的咒文類型、巫術醫療系統中的歌曲運用與分析、巫術醫療儀式中的樂器與器樂功能。

關鍵字

爪哇巫術；醫療儀式；巫術咒文；儀式歌曲；法器象徵意涵

並列摘要

Sound does not just play a role for religious function but also has a magic effect for medical purpose in the healing ritual of Perdukunan or sorcery in Java. Before Hinduism/Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity were spread to Indonesia, traditional Perdukunan of Shamanism system always played a dominant religious belief in many areas. Today, Islam has become mainstream, but Perdukunan still exist in the different social classes and synchronized with Islam in certain degrees to be a part of Javanese kejawen culture. Therefore, when people have supernatural or paranormal problems, they often visit a dukun or sorcerer. Dukun always uses various sounds, such as mantra, religious song, and musical instruments as religious and healing tools in their healing rituals. For further study of different sounds in the Perdukunan system, I will introduce and analyze the healing procedures and various sounds performed in the Jelangkung ritual of Perdukunan as an example. Among these sounds, some of them directly or indirectly relate to the healing. For instance, mantras and songs are used for greeting and entertaining spirits to heal sickness and some instrumental sounds can purify a patient’s mind for healing purpose. An instrumental ensemble can provide dancers rhythmic control in the healing kuda lumping trance dance as a part of Jelangkung ritual. This paper will focus on the following perspectives: Perdukunan and healing in Java, Jelangkung ritual of Perdukunan, category of mantra in the healing ritual of Perdukunan, use and analysis of religious song in the healing ritual, and functions of instrumental sounds in the ritual.