交織（Kotekan）與得賜（Taksu）──巴里島藝術之核心精神及對表演藝術之影響

Kotekan and Taksu: The Essential Spirits of Balinese Arts and Their Influences on Performing Arts

李婧慧(Ching-Huei Lee)

《關渡音樂學刊》 23期 (2016/01) Pp. 55-76

摘要

「交織」（kotekan）與「得賜」（taksu）可說是巴里島藝術文化與生活之核心精神與審美觀，是維繫巴里文化傳統與生活不可缺之精神與力量。「交織」（或譯為「連鎖樂句」），指連鎖鑲嵌的旋律或節奏構成，並蘊涵互相依賴/合作的精神，廣泛見於島上音樂、空間配置，和共同體社會生活中。「得賜」則指藝能之神，以及向神靈祈求的藝術能量，是推動巴里藝術創造力與美感表現的動力。「交織」與「得賜」形現於互相合作、虔敬謙虛的態度與美感表現；二者之共同點在於謙虛的態度與合一的境界。前者有賴於人與人之間的相互尊重與合作，與人合一；後者則以謙虛虔敬的宗教心，達到人神合一的美感最高境界。巴里人就在這兩種精神下，共同創造共同體的生活與藝術發展的成就。本文從交織與得賜的精神出發，以巴里島的甘美朗音樂和克差（kecak）及其社會脈絡為中心，探討巴里島音樂、思想意識與社會的互動關係，以期深度理解巴里島藝術與生活之核心精神，及其對於審美觀之建立與表演藝術發展等之影響。

關鍵字

巴里島表演藝術 ； 音樂與社會生活 ； 克差 ； 甘美朗

並列摘要

Kotekan and taksu are essential spirits and aesthetic ideologies connected to both Balinese arts and social life. They have been accepted as types of required spiritual energies for maintaining and promoting traditional culture and life in Bali. Kotekan, literally meaning ＂interlocking,＂ refers to the interlocking patterns of melody and rhythm which is a musical element characterizing most music genres from Bali. It also embodies manners of interdependence and cooperation beyond its musical practice. In addition to interlocking melody and rhythm, the concept of kotekan is also manifested through spacial settings and in communal life in Bali. Taksu, referring to a divine spirit or spiritual power, can be interpreted as praying for a spiritual energy from gods to achieve a successful performance. Taksu is an essential spiritual power for actively inciting art creativity and aesthetic expression in Bali. In Bali, the spirit of kotekan and taksu are accomplished by mutual cooperation, being reverent and modest, and manifested through aesthetic beauty. The common points of kotekan and taksu are manners of modesty and the state of unity, in other words, pursuing a unity of community or harmonization between human beings and a deity. Kotekan relies on mutual respect and cooperation to unite community members and thus reaching communal solidarity. Taksu, however, focuses on the need to be reverent and modest in order to achieve a harmonious beauty between human beings and a deity. With the aid and strength from kotekan and taksu, Balinese people have built up a harmonious, communal life and a prosperous world of arts and culture. This paper, based on the ideas of kotekan and taksu, focuses on Balinese gamelan, kecak and their social context. Furthermore, the interaction and relationships among Balinese music, ideology and society are explored for understanding the core spirit of Balinese arts and social life and their influences on aesthetics and the development of the performing arts.

並列關鍵字

Balinese performing arts ； music and social life ； kecak ； gamelan ； kotekan ； taksu

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