桃園新屋陳姓饒平客家話的「超陰入」

The Chens' Hyper-upper Abrupt of Raoping Hakka in Sinwu, Taoyuan

徐貴榮(Gui-Rong Xu)

《聲韻論叢》 14期 (2006/10) Pp. 163-185

https://doi.org/10.29753/CP.200610.0009

摘要

桃園縣新屋鄉頭州村的陳姓饒平客家，依其族譜記載，來自舊廣東省潮州府饒平縣元歌都嶺腳社嶺腳鄉，受訪者也自稱為饒平客家人。今其家族分布在縣內新屋鄉犁頭州、中壢市水尾、楊梅鎮高山下、龜山鄉虎頭山等地區，至今仍能說饒平客家話的還有一百多人。陳姓饒平客家話在語音特點上，古四等韻和台灣其他地方的饒平客家話有些不同，反而和詔安客家話較為密切，尤其存在一個「超陰入」的聲調，也和詔安話客家話相同。但它和詔安話客家話最明顯的不同，在於入聲調值的不同，除了「超陰入」之外，陰入韻尾收－p、-t和所有陽入韻尾收－p、-t、-k的調值，都和一般饒平客家話相同，也沒有詔安話的「超陽入」。即是饒平客家話的陰入今讀低短調，如：鐵tiet^21﹔陽入讀高短調，如：合hap^5。詔安話陰入今讀中升短調，如：鐵tet^24﹔陽入讀中降短調，如：合hap^43。這「超陰入」調乃是由古「宕、江、梗、通」四攝清聲母或部分次濁聲母的入聲演變而來。如：通攝「屋」讀為vu^24，而不讀vuk^21或vuk^24﹔宕攝「索」（繩子）讀為so^24，而不讀sok^21或vok^24，都沒有「-k韻尾」，調值由21的低短調變成24的中升舒聲調。如前所述，新屋饒平客家話其他陰入收－p、-t韻尾仍讀低短調，如：吸k'ip^21、骨kut^21，卻沒有此種變化，和詔安不同。濁聲母及部分次濁聲母今讀陽入聲仍有－k尾，仍讀陽入調，如：鑊vok^5、綠liuk^5﹔也和詔安沒有－k尾，如：鑊vo^55，變成高平調有所不同。這個「陰入」聲調性徵超出了原來聲調的格局，故而稱之為「超陰入」，本文將之調號定為第9調。本文除提出「超陰入」的由來及討論其與週邊語言的接觸現象外，亦提出此「超陰入」在漢語入聲演變過程中扮演重要的語音特色，也提供研究漢語聲調演變的最佳語料。

關鍵字

新屋饒平客家話 ； 聲調 ； 超陰入 ； 分化條件

並列摘要

According to the Chens' racial pedigree, Raoping Hakka, in Toujhou Village, Sinwu Township, Taoyuan County, is from LingJowShu, old Yuan Kao Du, Raoping County, Guângdong. The interviewees claim that they are ”Raoping Hakka”. Nowadays, the families respectively live in LiTowChou Sinwu Township, Sheiwei Jhongli City, GaoShanShai Yangmei Township, and WhoTou Mountain Gueisan Township. So far, there are more than 100 habitants speaking Raoping Hakka. The sound of the Chens' Raoping Hakka is different from the other Raoping Hakkas in ancient SZŬ^4 TÊNG^3 YÜN^4. As a result, it is much more related to Zhaoan Hakka, especially containing Hyper-upper Abrupt, but their tones vary. The obvious differences lie in the Tone Value of Abrupt Tone. Besides the Tone of Hyper-upper Abrupt, the upper Abrupt Tone ending with -p, -t, and the Lower Abrupt Tone ending with -p, -t, -k are similar to ordinary Raoping Hakka, without the Hyper Lower Abrupt Tone of Zhaoan's. The upper Abrupt Tone of Raoping Hakka pronounces low-short Tone now, such as tet^24 and lower Abrupt Tone pronounces high- short Tone, such as hap^5. In Zhaoan Hakka, upper Abrupt pronounces mid-rising short Tone, such as tet^24 and lower Abrupt Tone pronounces mid-lowing short Tone, such as hap^5.. This Hyper-upper Abrupt Tone shifts from the Voiceless Initial of Ancient TANG^4 KENG^1 JIANG^3 T'ONG^1 four Groups or the Abrupt Tone of part sub-voiced initial. For example, T'ONG^1 Group (house) pronounces vu^24, not vuk^21 or vuk^24; TANG^4 Group (rope) pronounces so^24, not sok^21 or sok^24. All of them are without the ending ”k”. The Tone Value changes from Low-short Tone of 21 to Mid-rising Tone of 24, as mentioned above. The other Upper Abrupt Tone in Sinwu Raoping Hakka, what ends in ”p” and ”t” still pronounces Low-short Tone. For instance, k'ip^21 and kut^21 don't change its tone, differing from Zhaoan Hakka. The Voiced Initial and part of sub-voiced initial pronounces lower Abrupt Tone and it still ends with ”k”. The tone type doesn't change and still pronounces Lower Abrupt Tone, such as vok^5 and liuk^5, different from Zhaoan Hakka, which doesn't end with ”k” and becomes High-even Tone. The features of this upper Abrupt Tone is out of the range of the original tone. As a result, it is called Hyper-upper Abrupt Tone. This research declares the number of the tone as The 9(superscript th) tone. The Hyper-upper Abrupt Tone is a very important sound feature in the sound shift of the Abrupt Tone in Chinese language. It also offers the best sound information on the shift of the Tone in Chinese language.

並列關鍵字

Raopiang Hakka ； Tone ； Hyper-upper Abrupt Tone ； Disjunction Conditional