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從全濁聲母的演化看明代漢語的標準音

The Development of Voiced Obstruents and the Standard Pronunciation of Ming Dynasty Mandarin

摘要


漢語近代音的「標準音」是近代音音韻史研究中無法迴避的一個關鍵問題。然而我們想問的是:近代漢語究竟有沒有「標準音」呢?如果有,拿什麼音系作為標準?這個問題,現階段研究者之間仍存有許多不同的意見。關於上述問題,本文中企圖從漢語明代不同階段中之歷史文獻所呈現的濁音清化類型角度切入來探討,以期獲得進一步解答。在明代語料性質方面,擬在耿振生(1992)、李新魁(2008 [1983])兩位先生的分類基礎之上,擇取所謂「官話」音系,且分屬不同清化類型的語料,其目的在於觀察明清時期官話音系的濁音清化類型,如:《洪武正韻》(1375 A.D.)、《韻會定正》(1333 A.D.-1390 A.D.)、《韻略易通》(1442 A.D.)、《青郊雜著》(1543 A.D.)、《書文音義便考私編》(1587 A.D.)、《重訂司馬溫公等韻圖經》(1602 A.D.)、《交泰韻》(1603 A.D.)、《字學元元》(1603 A.D.)、《西儒耳目資》(1626 A.D.)、《韻略匯通》(1642 A.D.)。其中,在明代反映「口語共同語標準音」語料,如:《韻略易通》、《青郊雜著》、《書文音義便考私編》、《西儒耳目資》中濁音清化類型的反映,顯示當時有「兩個」濁音演化系統。一個是和現代漢語相同的「平仄分音型」;另一個跟現代客、贛方言相同,不論聲調平仄,清化後「一律送氣」。「平仄分音型」在17世紀初的明代中葉後超越「一律送氣型」,甚至在清初之後一躍而上,成為口語共同語標準音的「唯一」標準,直至今日已成為漢語方言中最為強勢的濁音清化類型。從明代「口語共同語標準音」語料所呈現的兩種清化類型反映,本文認為漢語明代音沒有現代語音學定義下的「標準音」。今日之江淮官話、中原官話、北方官話雖然明代已大致形成,但三者都只是明代官話方言下的「次方言」,沒有任何一支官話口語音被定為一尊。同時,我們還可以發現明代官話在分區上,比起宋元時期更趨於精細與多元,今日的江淮官話、中原官話、北方官話此時也已大致形成。由此,我們也能看出明代音在現代漢語方言的定型上有著十分關鍵的地位。

並列摘要


The standard pronunciation of Early Chinese is an important subject that cannot be avoided in the study of historical Chinese phonology. However, we would like to ask: Is there any standard pronunciation of Mandarin in the Ming Dynasty? If so, what kind of phonetics system was used as the standard? Mandarin from the Ming Dynasty shows that there were two devoicing systems at that time. One is the same as in modern Chinese; another is the same as in the Ke and Gan dialects (客贛方言). In the early seventeenth century, the former devoicing type surpassed the types found in the Ke and Gan dialects (客贛方言) and even became the single standard for the standard pronunciation of the spoken language. Today it has become the most common type of devoicing in Chinese dialects. This finding shows that there is no standard pronunciation in the Ming Dynasty which is delimited by modern phonetics. Today's Jianghuai Guanhua (江淮官話), Zhongyuan Guanhua (中原官話) and Beifang Guanhua (北方官話) had been roughly formed in the Ming Dynasty. All three are only secondary dialects of Mandarin in the Ming Dynasty and none is seen as the standard.

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