從聲符變化現象論古音構擬及演變

本文以古文字中聲符變化的語音關係為研究對象，探討這些聲符變化的時代及語音演變。古文字材料來源包括甲骨文、金文、簡帛文字、璽印等，古音系統包括王力、李方桂、鄭張尚芳及白一平─沙加爾的共構體系。漢字字形的發展過程中，有一種演變方式是增加聲音部件使文字字形繁化，如「甫」部件變形音化變為「父」作「□」，「齒」加上止聲變為「□」。不過有些無聲字或形聲字因為語音的改變，而使得標注字音的聲符也跟著改變。像是「華」本為曉母魚部字，至漢魏時期聲符替換成「化」而寫作曉母歌部的「花」，可以看出歌部-al（-ar）發生了韻尾弱化，與魚部麻韻字接觸。這些聲符的變化現象是觀察古音演變的重要線索。本文擬以古文字考釋之成果，對照諸家古音構擬體系，以聲符變化現象，探究語音變化的時代，並探討諸家古音構擬的適用性，希望對於上古音韻的演變及分期都能提供一些幫助。

關鍵字

上古音；古文字；古音構擬；古音演變；聲符變化

並列摘要

Based on the relationship of phonetic components in ancient Chinese scripts, the purpose of this study is to illuminate the changing history of phonetic components. The resources of ancient Chinese scripts include the Oracle bone script (Jiaguwen, 甲骨文), Chinese bronze inscriptions (Jinwen, 金文), bamboo and silk scripts (Jianbowenzhi, 簡帛文字), and the Ancient Seals (Xiyin, 璽印). This study analyses those scripts using the phonetic systems of Wang Li (王力), Li Fang-Kuei (李方桂), Zhengzhang Shangfang (鄭張尚芳), and the reconstruction system of William H. Baxter (白一平) and Laurent Sagart (沙加爾). In the development of Chinese characters, complexization (Fan Hua, 繁化) added new phonetic elements to the original characters. For example, ＂甫＂ transformed into ＂父＂ (□) and ＂齒＂ acquired ＂止＂ to become ＂□＂. However, some non-phonetic words (Wushengzhi, 無聲字) or phono-semantic compounds (Xingshengzhi, 形聲字) changed their phonetic components because of changing phonetics. For instance, the non-phonetic word ＂華＂ is initial Xiao (曉母) in the Yu group (魚部). Yet its phonetic component ＂化＂ converted into ＂花＂, initial Xiao (曉母) of the Ge group (歌部). Therefore, it appears that syllable coda lenition (Yunweiruohua, 韻尾弱化) made rhymes Ge-al (-ar) closer to initial Yu of the Ma rhyme (麻韻). This is important evidence of ancient phonetic changes. Further research of ancient Chinese scripts and phonetic systems would improve ancient phonetic constructions in order to ascertain the evolutionary history of ancient phonetics.

並列關鍵字

ancient phonetic ； ancient scripts ； ancient phonetic construction ； changing ancient phonetics ； changing phonetic components

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