向自然學習的仿生設計

Learning from Nature: Bio-inspired Design

丑宛茹(Wan-Ru Chou)

《實踐設計學報》 7期 (2013/10) Pp. 114-127

摘要

面對浩瀚宇宙，渺小的人類始終無懼地持續著創造發明的活動，運用豐富的想像力，設計出種種的人造物，或滿足實用功能，或具現社會價值，或反映思維主張，或強調心靈感性。傳說中魯班因為被茅草葉緣劃傷手指而發明了鋸子；15世紀末達文西就嘗試解析鳥類，草繪飛行輔助裝置；19世紀末到20世紀初的新藝術運動（Art Nouveau），更將植物型態、結構應用於各式建築與產品上。事實上，有太多的靈感或構想，受到了自然界的啟發，因為地球上經過數億年的天擇與演化，早已發展出許多最適切的生存特徵，例如：鷹眼、螺體、芒刺、鷗翼、蜂巢、昆蟲複眼、吸盤機制、蓮花效應、蛛絲柔韌性、彈性蛋白質、松果鱗片構造、蝙蝠回聲定位…等，無論是造形、材料、結構、程序、行為、系統或運動模式，我們不時在借鏡、類比或複製自然，發掘出可供參考應用的資源，藉以形構出適切的合成世界，而我們將這種手法稱之為「仿生」。本文透過仿生的觀念陳述與案例介紹，說明產品設計如何向自然學習，期以激發出更具思維創新性的設計解答。

關鍵字

仿生設計

並列摘要

Facing this vast and immense universe, though tiny and sometimes so insignificant, humans remain fearless in engaging in activities of creating and inventing from first to last and with no intervals in between to design all sorts of artifacts aim to satisfy our daily needs, demonstrate our social values, reflect our thoughts and beliefs, or emphasize the spiritual or even the sensual aspects of our feelings. A case in point would be that a mere accident of cutting one's finger by the crenature of a twitch grass, according to the Chinese legend, inspired Lu Ban to invent the saw; another example would be that while trying to analyze the birds, Leonardo Da Vinci was able to come up with the sketch of a flying machines; last but not least, the Art Nouveau from the late 19th to the early 20th century was especially keen to apply the forms and shapes and structures of plants into architectural and product works. In fact, there are far too many inspirations and concepts that are enlightened by the Mother Nature since the earth, after millions and billions of years of selections and evolutions, has already been able to evolve the most appropriate features for survival. Things like the eyes of the eagles, the bodies of shells, the burrs, the wings of the seagulls, the bee hives, the compound eyes of insects, the suction pad mechanism, the lotus effect, the resilience of the spider webs, the resilin (elastomeric protein), the structure of the shells of the pinecones, the echolocation of the bats and all the wonders from nature are exactly the things we are constantly learning, borrowing, analogizing, and duplicating from may they be the forms, the materials, the structures or the mechanisms, the processes and procedures, the systems or the motion patterns. We excavate resources for our references and applications, we construct our synthetic world with appropriateness, and we call this Bionics Design or Bio-inspired Design. This article intends to, through the statement of the concepts and the explanations of various design cases, to detail how product design is learning from the nature and how it can inspire more creative and innovative solutions when designing.

並列關鍵字

bionics design ； bio-inspired design ； product design