認知神經科學對諮商心理治療的啟發

The Inspiration from the Cognitive Neuroscience for Counseling and Psychotherapy

劉効樺(Shiau-Hua Liu)

《臺灣諮商心理學報》 1卷1期 (2012/08) Pp. 1-27

https://doi.org/10.29824/JTCP.201208.0001

摘要

心理學典範變遷引領諮商治療學派的演變，現今成為心理學主流的認知神經科學，似乎仍未在諮商領域形成相對應的治療理論與技術；目前諮商員養成教育對神經科學的訓練有限；國外對心理治療的研究趨勢，已納入神經生物取向；而且認知神經科學已成功地將神經科學與心理學整合，近年來亦擴展到教育、經濟、法律等應用領域，諮商心理治療領域亦需要積極整合神經科學，以深入瞭解治療歷程與成效的神經基礎；由此觀之，諮商心理治療宜儘早整合神經科學的理論與工具。本文即從心理治療的神經生物基礎的角度，介紹神經可塑性、鏡像神經元與同理心，接著介紹認知神經科學工具及其在心理治療上的相關應用，最後，嘗試提出在諮商員養成教育、執業時的在職進修、搭建諮商心理治療與神經科學交流平台等三方面的建言。

關鍵字

認知神經科學 ； 諮商與心理治療 ； 神經可塑性 ； 鏡像神經元

並列摘要

The paradigm shift in Psychology led the evolution of counseling and psychotherapy. However, the dominant Cognitive neuroscience seems not to cultivate a corresponding approach yet in the psychotherapy domain. The training of neuroscience in counselor education is still limited. The trend for psychotherapy in other country has integrated neurobiological approach; Cognitive neuroscience has successfully integrated neuroscience with psychology and extended to pedagogy, economics, law and so on. It is time for counseling and psychotherapy to integrate neuroscience to investigate the neural bases of treatment processes and outcomes. Taking together, counseling and psychotherapy needs to adopt the paradigms and tools in neuroscience as soon as possible. This article will introduce the important concept of neuroplasticity, mirror neurons, and empathy. The important equipments and their related application to psychotherapy are discussed. In the end, suggestions about counselor education, on-the-job training and the bridging between counseling and neuroscience are presented.

並列關鍵字

cognitive neuroscience ； counseling and psychotherapy ； neuroplasticity ； mirror neurons

參考文獻

Arns, M., de Ridder, S., Strehl, U., Breteler, M., & Coenen, A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: The effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40, 180-189. doi:10.1177/155005940904000311

Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., & Decety, J. (2010). Social neuroscience: and its relationship to social psychology. Social Cognition, 28, 675-685. doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.675

Cacioppo J. T., & Decety, J. (2009). What are the brain mechanisms on which psychological processes are based? Perspective on Psychological Science, 4, 10-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01094.x

Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 5497-5502. doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100

Churchill, J. D., Galvez, R., Colcombe, S., Swain, R. A., Kramer, A. F., & Greenough, W. T. (2002). Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiology of Aging, 23, 941-955. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.12.007