滿文側讀－從□見證康熙帝早年對廢太子允礽舐續之愛背後蘊藏的深刻期許（1675-1708）

Emperor Kangxi's Deep Expectations of the Deposed Crown Prince yūn ceng Revealed from his Father Love for him in his Early Years (1675-1708)- From a Manchu Perspective

袁公瑜(Kung-Yu Yuan)

《健行學報》 35卷1期 (2015/01) Pp. 63-85

摘要

康熙十四年十二月十三日（1675），康熙帝二十二歲時，冊立年甫兩歲、嫡出的皇二子允礽為皇太子，這是清史上頭一次皇帝生前立嗣，也是僅有的一次。允礽，這位對清朝政治發展產生重大影響的政治人物，為後人所熟知的是其「不法祖德、暴戾淫亂」被康熙帝兩廢的罪名。連帶地他也因此，被描述為是個「文才武略，一無可取」的廢物，允礽真是如此庸劣、不受康熙帝疼愛嗎？若不以人廢言，從允礽人生路上的追求與幻滅行為軌跡中瞭解，《清史稿》記載「通滿、漢文字，嫻騎射，從上行幸，賡詠斐然」，顯示了他聰穎受教。康熙三十五年，御駕親征噶爾丹，允礽曾署理政事，《聖祖實錄》記載他「居守京師，處理政務井然有序，舉朝大臣皆稱其善。」這些文字雖不無溢美之詞，但多少反映了允礽頗有幹才的一些真實性。事實上在允礽第一次被廢前，長達三十三年的皇太子生涯裡，根據《康熙起居注》記載，不論是記述的篇幅，還是記述康熙帝與允礽的互動生活實感，文字中流露出的全是體現康熙帝對允礽深厚感情的依戀與期望，幾乎允礽每一次生命中的蛻變都深印康熙帝內心。本文希冀透過儒家父子親情本位的觀點，聚焦康熙帝與允礽倆人早年間在部份滿文奏摺上的往來互動主軸中的文化軌跡、親情綿延及背負民族未來願景中的深意，剖析他們父子在傳承儒家「親親」、「尊尊」等級秩序規範下，所傳達出帶動滿族社會向上力量中的使命傳承與建構滿族精神價值觀的意涵實踐。

關鍵字

康熙帝 ； 允礽 ； 滿文奏摺 ； 滿族精神價值 ； 康熙起居注

並列摘要

In December 13, 1675 (the 14^(th) year of Kangxi) when Emperor Kangxi was twenty two, he officially appointed yūn ceng (the second son born of the queen) as crown prince. This is the first time and also the only one in the history of the Qing Dynasty the emperor appointed the candidate inheriting the throne before his death.yūn ceng is a politician having a significant impact on the political development of the Qing Dynasty, who is known to the posterity because of his title of crown prince revoked twice by Emperor Kangxi by reason of his violation of the rules established by Qing's ancestors, violent and promiscuous. In addition, he was also described as a figure completely useless no matter in polite letters or in martial arts. Was yūn ceng really so mediocre and unruly that Emperor Kangxi did not love him? Actually, we can find out some clues to prove that yūn ceng is clever, bright and glad to accept advice from his behavioral trajectories of pursuit and disillusionment in his lifetime and the text of the Draft History of Qing (清史稿) describing that he was proficient in Manchu and Han language and literature, apt at riding and Shooting as well as brilliant in ruling a nation＂. In the 35th year of Kangxi, when Emperor Kangxi planned to personally lead a punitive expedition to Galdan (噶爾丹), he had asked yūn ceng to stay in the capital for handling political affairs. However, his capability of ruling the nation was praised by most courtiers that time. This passage of history has been specified in the Veritable Records of the Qing Kangxi (聖祖實錄). Though the said words may be more flatteries than the truth, they more or less reflect the authenticity of yūn ceng being a capable person. In describing the interactions between Emperor Kangxi and yūn ceng in daily life over a long span of thirty three years before yūn ceng was deposed by Emperor Kangxi first time, the full text of Kangxi Qijuzhu (康熙起居注) has reflected Emperor Kangxi's strong attachment and deep expectations of yūn ceng , which causes yūn ceng's life transformations all were deeply imprinted in Emperor Kangxi's mind. This paper is intended to analyze that the heritage of the parent-child relationship between Experor Kangxi and his son yūn ceng following the Confucian tradition concerning ＂Loving family members＂ and ＂Respecting ancestors＂ may create a force driving the Manchu society to progress upward and construct the meaning of the practice of the spiritual values of the Manchu through the interactions of the Manchu memorials delivered to and fro between Experor Kangxi and yūn ceng in Kangxi's early years as well as its extended cultural trajectories, family stretches and profound meaning of carrying national vision for the future from a Confucian family based perspective.

並列關鍵字

Emperor Kangxi ； yūn ceng ； Manchu memorials ； The spiritual values of the Manchu ； Kangxi Qijuzhu