In the last two decades, new spectroscopic techniques have been developed and applied to study the interfacial phenomena at molecular level. This feature article presents the recent progress achieved mainly in our laboratory on the structural changes and reactions at electrochemical interfaces. In situ spectroscopic techniques such as synchrotron based X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), microscopic technique like atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) have been successfully developed in recent years in our laboratory. Applications are exemplified on various areas such as electroformation of polymers on metal electrodes, transformation of metal monolayers on metal clusters, and batteries, and several advantages of in situ spectroscopic techniques are demonstrated.