無政府主義的「烏托邦」：劉師復與民初的《民聲》雜誌

無政府主義作為近代社會主義範疇中的一支，對於近代政治、社會及思想的變動，影響極為深遠。近代中國的無政府主義運動，始於20世紀初葉，由留學法、日等國學生，介紹移植到中國來。當時就組成團體而言，約可分為三派：一為部分旅居日本的中國留學生所組成的「社會主義講習會」，二係遠寓法國巴黎的另一群留學生所籌組的「世界社」，三是主要活動在國內的「晦鳴學舍」。上述三個團體，分別發行了《天義》、《新世紀》及《民聲》等宣傳刊物，極力鼓吹無政府主義，在近代中國無政府主義運動史上，扮演著啟蒙者的角色，而經由這些團體的鼓吹，也拉開了近代中國無政府主義運動的序幕。這三派無政府主義運動中，就屬劉師復這派對中國的影響最大，該社「是為中國內地傳播無政府主義之第一團體。」師復在其言論喉舌《晦鳴錄》及其後改名為《民聲》的刊物上，大量撰寫了宣揚無政府主義的文章，形成了在辛亥革命後迄於五四運動；甚至到1920年代初期，影響中國思想界頗為深遠的所謂「師復主義」。他具體地闡述了無政府主義的內涵和最高原則，系統的提出無政府主義在政治、經濟、教育、道德各方面的主張，構築了無政府社會的烏托邦，並指出其實現之手段。檢視師復的無政府主義思想，可說他融合了文化激進主義與現代啟蒙思潮，具有歐化傾向及對傳統文化、現實秩序的徹底否定，高揚自由、平等、科學、民主諸理念，構築其無政府主義的烏托邦，且還初步傳播了社會主義思想，他是探索中國社會現代化出路的一次積極嘗試。本文之作，即以師復生平活動為經，以其無政府主義思想建構為緯，勾勒這位無政府主義大師傳奇一生及其思想梗概。

關鍵字

劉師復；《民聲》；無政府主義；烏托邦；晦鳴錄；社會主義；五四運動

並列摘要

As a branch of modern socialism, anarchism has a profound impact on the changes of modern politics, society and thought. The anarchist movement in modern China began in the early 20th century, and was introduced and transplanted to China by students studying in France, Japan, and other countries. At that time, in terms of groups, they could be divided into three groups: one was the "Socialist Seminar" formed by some Chinese students living in Japan, another was the "World Society" organized by another group of international students living in Paris, France, and the other is the "Huiming School" whose main activities were in China. The above-mentioned three groups had respectively issued propaganda publications such as "Tianyi", "New Century" and "Minsheng", and strongly advocated anarchism. In the history of modern Chinese anarchist movement, they played the role of enlightenment. They also opened the prelude to the modern Chinese anarchist movement. Among the three factions of anarchist movements, Liu Shifu's group had the greatest influence on China. The agency "was the first group to spread anarchism in mainland China." In the publication of "Minsheng", a large number of articles promoting anarchism were written, which formed the so-called "Shifuism" that had a profound impact on Chinese thought formed after the 1911 Revolution to the May Fourth Movement in the early 1920s. He specifically expounded the connotation and highest principles of anarchism, systematically put forward anarchism's propositions in politics, economy, education, and morality, constructed the utopia of an anarchist society, and pointed out the means of its realization. Examining Shifu's anarchist thought, it can be said that he integrated cultural radicalism and modern enlightenment thought, has a Europeanization tendency and a complete denial of traditional culture and real order, and promotes the ideas of freedom, equality, science, and democracy, and builds his anarchism. It is an active attempt to explore the way out of Chinese social modernization. This article is based on Shifu's life and activities, and his anarchist ideological construction to outline the legendary life of this anarchist master and the outline of his thoughts.