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堆肥施用機械開發規劃與製作

Development of Manure Application Machines

摘要


適量施用塊肥可改善土壤性質,並可以解決農畜產廢棄物的出路問題,且有助於農業之永續性經營。但堆肥用量龐大,人工施用時倍感笨重與辛苦,因此亟需以機械來達成。堆肥施用機械種類繁多,可概分為田面均勻撒施用之堆肥撒佈機與作物行間施用之堆肥挖溝施肥機兩大類,國內目前僅少數農戶使用前者機型,且多數為畜牧業使用,分佈於全省;後者機型則為近年來針對作物行間使用堆肥需求而發展出之機型,但並未引進國內。堆肥撒佈機之施用效率根據台中場對單一機型測試結果,可較人工快7~10倍,其經濟效益若以代撒施作業、大規模使用,可較人工節省成本達每公頃5,594元;若個別農戶用,則節省成本為每公頃4,319元,顯見堆肥施用機械非常值得開發並大力推廣。現況中農友施用堆肥需求量日益增加,但經調查施用方式計有八種,除一種利用機械撒施外,其餘方式均較費人力。有鑑於此,本場與中興大學農機系研究人員共同依據目前施用堆肥不同需求情況,並參酌小田區作物行株距及施肥量等條件,規劃堆肥施用機械之開發型式為四大類,分別為小型中耕機掛載型、較大容量專用型、挖深溝堆肥施肥機型及兼用型堆肥撒佈搬運車,以合於不同田區及不同需求使用。其中挖深溝堆肥施肥機已完成雛型並進行試車,其係採用油壓動力自走式底盤及動力挖掘鏈條,可掘深溝達70公分並兼施堆肥後覆土,適用於果樹區需深埋堆肥之情形使用;兼用型堆肥撒佈搬運車則初步完成雛型,尚未實際試車,採用搬運車底盤改裝動力傳導至後側可分離之堆肥撒佈裝置,進行預計9~11公尺寬度之撒佈,車斗容量約為1.1噸堆肥,其特殊之處在於後側撒佈裝置可與車體分離,該車體於平時即是農用搬運車,要施用堆肥時再加裝後側裝置,等於搬運車具多用途利用之附件,可降低設備成本,以冀廣為農友接受。未來對於如何推廣使用機械以增加堆肥之大量利用,例如如何建立代撒施制度或前述機型之開發及性能再改良等,均有待大家共同努力。

並列摘要


Manure application may improve farm productivity and lower down the environmental pollution caused by livestock. It is helpful too in promoting organic agricultrue. However, manure application is very laborous. Suitable machines are in need. Manure spreaders and furrow manure applicators are two major categories of the of the machinery used in Taiwan for manure distribution. The former are usually utilized by animal busbandary farmers and the later by row crop growers. The evaluation results reported by Taichung DAIS showed that a spreader imported from Japan is 7 to 10 times higher than labor in performance. This spreader may save NT$ 5,594 per hectare based on contract farmers and NT$ 4,319 on ordinary farmers. The researchers in Taichung DAIS and Chung-Hsing University fabricated a manure spreader using an agricultural carrier. This spreader may carry 1.1 tons of manure each time and may work as fast as the imported one. In addition to this, the researchers also developed a subsoil manure applicator. Preliminary test showed that this machine may open a ditch, dump manure, and refill the ditch simultaneously. The maximum depth of the ditch reaches 70cm. In the future, the requirement of manure application machinery in Taiwan would be wide and huge.

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