葡萄南方根瘤線蟲病害

The Incidence of Root-knot Nematode in Grapevines

蔡東纂(Tung-Tsuan Tsay)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 67號 (2004/04) Pp. 83-94

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.200404.0006

摘要

在本省葡萄主要產區之苗栗、台中、南投與彰化四縣市中，經常可見根瘤線蟲危害的情形。罹患根瘤線蟲之植株，根系有明顯的瘤狀突起，甚而連結成疣塊，將根瘤切開可發現膨大之雌蟲，最易辨明。由於幼蟲的侵入，雌蟲的游離攝食和雌蟲排卵後所造成根部的傷口，在土壤中微生物的作用下，易導致根系腐敗，嚴重影響根系之吸收作用，造成地上部葉片呈現微量元素缺乏現象，在結果期出現缺鎂現象亦較嚴重；罹病植株生育不良，產量及品質降低。根瘤線蟲具傳染能力的二齡幼蟲侵入寄主根部，在許多不同的組織中固著（通常是維管束中的薄壁組織），取食處細胞變大形成巨形細胞。在本省為害葡萄根系之南方根瘤線蟲雌蟲每次可產卵500到1,000個之間，在溫暖適宜的環境下，每年可繁殖五代至十代，其速度和數量甚為驚人。M. incognita對熱帶地區及較溫暖地帶的經濟有重大的影響。其分佈地區有：非洲、澳洲、中南美洲、印度、日本、馬來西亞、美國、加拿大、獨立國協及北歐的溫室內。本屬線蟲寄主範圍非常廣泛。早期調查結果顯示，本省常見之作物如瓜類、花生、大豆、蕃茄、草莓、甘藍、白菜、薑、蘿蔔、空心菜、葡萄、香蕉、茶、菸草、甘蔗等普遍均受到嚴重為害。很多葡萄園中雜草都是它棲息繁衍之處，其中白花霍香薊、龍葵等更可視為其指示植物。以短期蔬菜，如芹菜、白菜、茄子、瓜類等作為葡萄園中的間作作物，亦提供了根瘤線蟲最佳的生聚孳息環境，成為高潛力之新感染源。南方根瘤線蟲傳播方式可由農具、人獸之腳蹄所附帶的土壤，由寄生地傳播至別處。田間溝渠水流，或雨水亦可將罹病區線蟲帶往他處。試驗結果顯示，其幼蟲及卵在水流中經4個月後仍有感染能力。現今，由於專業區及設施園藝設立，造成連作障礙問題，南方根瘤線蟲更是花卉、根莖作物、蔬菜及抹些果樹之最重要病原線蟲。防治方法有：（一）田間衛生：寄主雜草之減除、葡萄斷根之清除、避免葡萄園中之根瘤線蟲寄主蔬菜間作。（二）選用抗病砧木（蔡及林，1992）。（三）根瘤線蟲之防除：由於葡萄為多年生作物，無法以輪作法來降低植物線蟲族群；Watson等人曾以淹水（flooding）法試過，但由於卵塊存活能力強，一年後尚未能完全滅除。葡萄園更不能長期淹水，故不適合採用。在國外最常用的方法為藥劑防除法，筆者建議農友們施用以40%蝦蟹殼粉、40%篦麻粕、10%海草粉及5%糖蜜之混和物作為基質，加入Streptomyces saraceticus後製成之有機質生物製劑（LT-M），地面撒施及土壤混拌方式使用，試驗結果顯示每公頃金香葡萄園中施用2000公斤LT-M，於夏、冬果期，與未處理比較分別可降低根瘤指數及罹病指數47.5、67.8和42.8、69.5%；果穗重則分別提高57及76公克；甜度分別增加3及5度；根係及樹勢均成大幅地改善。

關鍵字

葡萄 ； 南方根瘤線蟲 ； 線蟲病害防治

並列摘要

Eleven plant-parasitic nematode genera are commonly found associated with grapevines in Taiwan. They include Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicriconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Trophurus. Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchulus and Xiphinema. Meloidogyne spp. are the most prevalent nematodes in vineyards based on the relative frequency, relative density and prominence value that come the investigative results. The test of susceptibility response of 42 varieties and rootstocks of grape to Meloidogyne incognita indicated that 18 of them were susceptible, 6 of them were hypersusceptible, 8 of them was tolerant and 10 of them were resistant. Population density of M. incognita reached the peak on susceptible variety of grape at 9th month after inoculation and maintained 1000 larvae/100g soil level in the second year. Kyoho, Golden Muscat, Black Queen, Italia and Nigara which are the major varieties of grape cultivated in Taiwan were belong to susceptible responsibility. Whereas 0 to 300 larvae/100g soil recovered from resistant and tolerant rootstocks rhizosphere since inoculation. Four varieties and three rootstocks of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) growing at the central area of Taiwan were heavily infected with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White,1919) Chitwood,1949 and M. javanica (Treub,1858) Chitwood,1949 species of Meloidogyne associated with the grapevines were identified by perineal patterns of females. The ratio of M. incognita to M. javanica were different between the varieties and rootstocks of grapes 9 vegetables and 12 weeds which usually growing in the vineyards are the hosts of this two Meloidogyne species that will increase the nematode population and be a infection source of grapes. Root-knot nematodes survived in the root sections for at least 3 month on the condition of on the soil or imbeded in the soil. So in the water. It's no doubt that for the purpose of decreasing the Meloidogyne population to keep away of weeds and root-sections of grape is necessary indeed. LT-M, applied at the rate of 2000 kg/ha, decreased significantly (P=0.05) The root-knot indices and disease indices for 47.5, 67.8 and 42.8, 69.5% at summer and winter harvest, respectively, compared to untreated control. Besides, LT-M also increased cluster weight and sugar content to 57, 76 grams and 3, 5 °Brix at the two harvest seasons, respectively. Antinematodal properties were enhanced when LT-M was applied for 2 years continuously.

並列關鍵字

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) ； Meloidogyne incognita ； Nematode disease rootstocks control