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梨主要病害之發生生態及防治

Integrated Control for Pear Disease

摘要


梨為本省重要經濟果樹之一,依據92年的農業年報記載種植面積共八千七百多公頃。梨主要產地在本省中部地區,以台中縣為主要產地(64.28%),其次為苗栗縣(16.9%),另外在宜蘭、南投、彰化、嘉義及台東縣等地區亦有種植。本省地處亞熱帶地區,高溫高濕,非常適合病害的發生,在梨栽培期間有很多病害的發生,本省梨的主要病害為赤星病(Gymnosporangium haraeanum)、黑星病(Venturia pyrina)、輪紋病(Physalospora piricola)、黑斑病(Alternaria kikuchiana)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、白粉病(Phyllactinia mali; P. guttata)、葉背白粉病(Phyllactinia pyri-serotinae 、葉背煤病(Pseudocercospora piricola)、菌核病(Sclerotinia fructigena)、枝枯病(Phomopsis fukushi)、胴枯病(Botryodiplodia sp.)、赤斑病(Septoria pyrina)、根朽病(Armillaria mellea)、白紋羽病(Rosellinia necatrixa)、根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne hapla)及葉緣焦枯病(xylem-limited bacteria)等多種病害。經筆者調查雖然梨的病害很多,但在本省地區主要的病害為赤星病、黑星病、輪紋病、白粉病、葉背煤病、白紋羽病以及葉緣焦枯病,黑斑病主要發生在二十世紀梨,目前該品種的種植面積愈來愈少,因此較不重要;上述幾種病害的病原菌會在梨枝條上越冬,於春季下雨時,病原菌的孢子會由枝條上形成,作為第一次的感染源,經由風雨攜帶傳播,所以休眠期的防治非常重要。但近年來,前幾年較不重要的赤星病,有愈來愈嚴重的趨勢,是否由於休閒農業的盛行,值得試驗研究人員多加以研究。

關鍵字

梨病害 整合管理

並列摘要


Pear is one of the important economical fruit trees in Taiwan. So far, the cultivation area of pear has been planted about 8,700 hectares, mainly in Taichung county. There are several diseases of pear that occur during pear growth due to the higher temperature and relative humidity in Taiwan. The common and severe diseases of pear in Taiwan during growing seasond are rust (Gymnosporangium haraeanum),scab (Venturia pyrina), ring rot (Physalospora piricola) ,black spot(Alternaria kikuchiana) , anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), powdery mildew (Phyllactinia mali; P. guttata), powdery mildew (Phyllactinia pyri-serotinae), leaf spot (Pseudocercospora piricola), stem canker (Phomopsis fukushi), leaf spot (Septoria pyrina), root rot (Armillaria mellea), white root rot (Rosellinia necatrixa), root knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and leaf scorch (xylem-limited bacteria). Consequently, the application of integrated management of pear disease, such as fungicide, bagging and stringent clearance of field during growing season and dormant period, could be effectively reached and adopted by growers in different cultivation areas.

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