台灣梨栽培技術之發展

The Development of Pear Cultivation Technique in Taiwan

廖萬正(Wan-Cheng Liao)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 75號 (2005/12) Pp. 47-54

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.200512.0003

摘要

在1890年代，先民自中國華南地區引進梨在新竹縣橫山地區栽植，而後選出生育強健、產量高之品系，隨後此品系擴展至台灣中低海拔地區栽培，此品系稱為橫山梨。行政院退輔會於民國47年自日本引進高需冷性日本梨，在梨山高海拔山區種植。橫山梨在2月上、中旬萌芽、開花，8～9月收穫，因其果實不耐低溫貯藏，且與高海拔地區高品質梨產期重疊，致價格低，故開發在9～10月間以人工落葉方式促進開花之方法，使橫山梨產期提早在4～5月收穫，俗稱為「倒頭梨」，穩定橫山梨之產業。民國65 年東勢鎮張榕生先生研發高接梨生產技術，高接梨最早以新世紀品種為主，目前則以豐水、新興為大宗，高接是以切接法進行，嫁接方式由套用塑膠袋，進而以沾腊及石腊膜處理，以提高嫁接速度及成活率。近年農試所、台中場等單位利用雜交育種方法，育成低需冷性品種計有台農1號、台農種苗2號、台農3號、台中1號、台中2號、台中3號等6品種，此等品種可在低海拔地區栽培，可大幅降低高品質梨之生產成本。高海拔地區主要栽培品種為新世紀，以高接方法嫁接豐水梨及新興梨，以生產低海拔地區高接所需之接穗，近年來亦高接新雪梨及褔壽梨等品種，以提高產值。

關鍵字

橫山梨 ； 倒頭梨 ； 高接梨

並列摘要

Pears were introduced from Southern China in 1890s. They were first planted in HengShan area of HsinChu county. The cultivation of lines of strong vigor and high yield were then selected. These lines were spreaded from medium to low elevation areas in Taiwan, and was named as ”HengShan” pear. In 1958, high chilling requirement Japanese pears were introduced by the Veterans Affairs Commission and planted in LiShan, a high elevation mountain area in central Taiwan. HengShan pear bud-breaks and blooms in early to mid-February, and is harvested from August to September. The fruit of HengShan pear could not endure cold storage, on the other hand , it's harvest season overlaps with the high quality pears of high elevations, so the market price is low. Therefore, a cultivation model called ”Turning-back Pear”(倒頭梨)was developed to steady the HengShan pear industry. The pear tree was forced to bloom in September to October by artificial defoliation and the harvest could be advanced to April to May.The production technique of ”Top-grafting” pears was originally developed by Mr. Zohn-Shen Chang at TongShi village in 1976, the scion variety used was ”Shinseiki” at first , but ”Housui” and ”Shinkou” are the majorities at present. Top-grafting is processed by side-grafting, the grafting efficiency and survival rate are improved by ”hot-wax dipping” and ”paraffin wrapping” compared with the original ”plastic bag covering” method.In recent years, new low-chilling requirement varieties were bred through hybridization by TARI and TDARES, such as Tainung No.1, No.2, No.3, Taichung No.1, No.2, and No.3. These new varieties can be planted in low elevation areas, the production cost is then lower down. In high elevation areas, the main variety cultivated is ”Shinseiki”, then top-grafted with ”Housui” and ”Shiukou” pear to produce the scions for the needs of the top-grafting operation in low elevations. In recent years, ”Shinyuki” and ”FuSo” are produced to improve the income.

並列關鍵字

Heng Shan pear ； Turning-back pear ； top-grafted pear