提升設施蔬菜生產效益～從植物的角度來看

Improving Vegetable Productive Efficiency under Protected House~Taking Cucumber as an Example

陳葦玲(Wei-Ling Chen) ； 錢昌聖(Chang-Sheng Chien) ； 莊佩蓉(Pei-Rung, Jhuang)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 133號 (2017/07) Pp. 89-108

摘要

本研究為整合品種篩選、植物生理、授粉昆蟲及嫁接應用，以花胡瓜為試驗作物，建立其設施栽培之關鍵技術，以提升目前設施蔬菜產能與品質。由本試驗可知花胡瓜之光補償點、光飽合點及最大淨光合作用值(Pn)分別約為15~30 mol.m^(-2).s^(-1)、1,000~1,200 mol.m^(-2).s^(-1)及12~13 μmol CO_2 .m^(-2)．s^(-1)，CO_2飽合點約為1,000~1,200 mg.L^(-1)，較正常大氣濃度(400 mg.L^(-1))下增加約2倍。25~40℃下植株Pn介於10~13μmol CO_2．m^(-2).s^(-1)，45℃下Pn則降低約20%。夏作設施栽培花胡瓜植株Pn於上午6點後顯著上升，12點到達高峰值為18.4μmol CO_2．m^(-2).s^(-1)，此時設施內環境光強度約1,300 μmol．m^(-2).s^(-1)、溫 度達40℃、相對溼度54.9%、蒸氣壓差5.1 kPa，而後Pn 顯著下降，其葉片Pn 和光線 相關係數最高，因此在花胡瓜栽培應首先著重光線，再配合日夜溫度的管理，並可評估 CO_2濃度增加對於其產量增加之效益。此外，篩選出‘河童盛夏11號’及‘220’兩個雌花率較高、產量較大且良果率較高之品種，較適合夏季設施栽培。另種植‘河童盛夏6號’授粉株配合蜜蜂授粉較未處理之對照組可提高單株產量1.4倍、良果率亦提升約1.5倍。此外嫁接定植後苗期立枯病罹病率降低，在株高、地上部鮮乾重、植體營養元素K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn及Fe含量表現較佳，顯示嫁接對於花胡瓜植株生育及營養元素吸收有一定效果，其產量在參試兩品種分別增加15.6%和49.3%，良果率提高25.7% 和3.6%，果實性狀則無明顯差異。然而嫁接並未提升其植株光合作用效率，卻增加蒸散速率及氣孔導度，進而促進水分吸收與運輸，減少午間萎凋的情形。

關鍵字

設施環境 ； 花胡瓜 ； 光合作用 ； 嫁接 ； 蜜蜂授粉 ； 產量

並列摘要

Taking cucumber as experimental crop, the object of this study was establishing a cultivation model integrated with cultivar selection, plant physiology, bee pollination a well as grafting then improving the productive efficiency and quality under protected house. The results of our study showed that light compensation point, light saturation point and maximum net photosynthetic rates (Pn) of cucumber were 15~30 mol.m^(-2).s^(-1), 1,000~1,200 mol.m^(-2).s^(-1), and 12~13 μmol CO_2.m^(-2).s^(-1), respectively. The CO_2 saturation point was 1,000~1,200 mg.L^(-1) while the Pn was double higher than those under 400 mg.L^(-1). The Pn of plants grown under 25~40℃ were not different significantly but decreasing about 20% under 45℃ . The Pn diurnal changes of plants cultivated under protected house during summer cropping started elevated at 6:00AM and reached the peak valued 18.4 μmol CO_2.m^(-2).s^(-1)at 12:00AM. Meanwhile, the environmental factors are 1,300 μmol .m^(-2).s^(-1) light intensity, 40℃ , 54.9% relative humidity, and 5.1 kPa vapor pressure deficit. After then the Pn significantly decreased. Besides, two cultivars ‘Kappa No. 11’ and ‘220’ were selected for summer cultivation. Pollination with bee and pollinated plant under protected house can increase its yield and qualified fruit percentage for 1.4 and 1.5 times approximately. Furthermore, grafted plants using pumpkin as rootstock significantly reduced their Phytophora rot infected rates and promote plant growth. Cucumber ‘Kappa Summer No. 11’ and ‘CU-87’ grafted with rootstock pumpkin ‘Yukon’ had good compatibility. Compared with self-rooted seedling, the incidence rates of damping-off disease at seedling stage were declined from 37.1% and 32.2% to 0% both, respectively. Grafted plants had better plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, nutritional element K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and F content. It showed that grafting had certain effect on plant growth and nutrition uptake. The grafted treatment also had 15.6% and 49.3% increasing in productive yield, meanwhile 25.7% and 3.6% increasing in marketable fruit percentage. However, it did not had significant different in fruit traits. Besides, grafting did not enhance plant’s photosynthetic efficiency but increase transpiration rate and stomatal conductance that promoting water and nutritional uptake and transportation.

並列關鍵字

Environment under protected house ； cucumber ； photosynthesis ； grafting ； bee pollination ； yield