另類農業體系與團結經濟：以「部落e購」為例

Alternative Farming System and Solidarity Economy: A Case Study on PGS Project for the ＂Tribal E-Shop＂ in Taiwan

金惠雯(HueiWen CHIN)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 135號 (2018/09) Pp. 85-105

摘要

自1930年代起，現代農業不僅對全球化的農糧體系造成了巨大的變化，也對世居在台灣的原住民族生活方式產生影響。原住民族的經濟活動脫離了原有的傳統經濟模式，而成為一種混合了半傳統式的部落經濟與融入現代資本主義活動的經濟型態。因而造成了原住民族部落青壯人口大量外移，部落社會崩解而逐漸沒落的結果。在資本主義與新自由主義的影響下，已接受現代農業的原住民族農民將有機農業視為發展的核心，並普遍被視為改善原住民族經濟處境的最佳策略。然而，對普遍屬於家庭農場或小農形式的原住民農民而言，要進入有機農業有著相當多的困難需要面對，例如轉型期的經濟支持來源、有機驗證法規的障礙、小規模且產量少的行銷困境等。為了協助原住民農民解決困境，於是，2005年由社團法人台灣原住民族學院促進會（Association of Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples' Development, ATIPD）建置了「部落e購－原住民族部落產業共同產銷平台」，並在2012 年以「採用參與式保障系統(Participatory Guarantee Systems, PGS)概念，以『原農協同組合』（farmers' association）模式，發揮原住民部落共享的精神，發展出屬於原住民族的團結經濟。」為主要定位，透過跨部落與跨族群的平台，在原住民農民面對有機農業市場化的前提下，運用合作產銷的模式試圖在資本主義運作的夾縫中找出路。「原農協同組合」主要是透過農民的組織做為學習民主決策、自主管理、凝聚共識以及發展團結經濟的組織基礎，農民在每月定期會議中相互學習，成為農民間知識交流與建構互助共享關係的機制。部落e購的PGS模式以跨部落與跨族群的組織型態從農業轉型（有機農業）出發，運用原住民社會運作的文化慣習，試圖突破個別部落的界線，讓合作產銷的模式成為面對資本主義與新自由主義的在地抵抗策略，因應不同的族群與文化背景進行細部調整後建立自己的模式與特色，使5區的原農協同組合達到跨區整合，並成為泛原住民團結經濟的組織基礎；此外，在現代有機農業的產銷機制中必須結合原住民族生活文化的層次，透過承繼原住民族文化中與自然和諧共生的生態智慧與倫理，讓原住民的另類食農體系、在地飲食文化復振，以及糧食主權等理念產生更緊密的連帶，才能發展成具有原住民族傳統知識特色的農藝復興運動。

關鍵字

原住民族 ； 另類農業系統 ； 團結經濟 ； 參與式保障體系

並列摘要

Since 1930s, modern agriculture does not simply change the globalized agri-food system but affects the lifestyles of indigenous people who currently live in Taiwan. Indigenous people's economic activity is separated from the originally traditional economic model and becomes the economic pattern mixed with semi-traditional tribal economy and integrated with modern capitalism. It therefore results in the large migration of the youth and aging population in indigenous tribes as well as the collapse and gradual declination of tribal society. Under the influence of capitalism and neoliberalism, indigenous farmers who have accepted modern agriculture, regard organic agriculture as the development core. It is generally regarded as the best strategy to improve indigenous people's economic situations. Nevertheless, indigenous farmers, who generally have family farms or are peasants, have to face many difficulties in entering organic agriculture, e.g. economic support in the transformation period, hinder of organic accreditation regulations, and marketing dilemma of small scale and little production. To assist indigenous farmers in solving the dilemma, Association of Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples' Development (ATIPD) established ＂Tribal E-Shop - Cooperative Production and Marketing Platform of Indigenous Tribal Industry＂ in 2005 and applied the idea of ＂Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS)＂ to develop the sharing spirit of indigenous tribes with the model of ＂farmers' association＂ and develop the solidarity economy of indigenous people in 2012. The cross-tribe and cross-ethnic group platform, under the premise of indigenous farmers facing the marketization of organic agriculture, applies cooperative production and marketing model to struggle for against capitalism. ＂Farmers' association＂ is based on farmer's organization for learn democratic decision-making, autonomous management, and consensus coherence as well as develop solidarity economy. The farmers regularly learn from each other in the monthly meeting, which becomes the mechanism for farmers exchanging knowledge and constructing sharing relationship. The PGS model of Tribal E-Shop starts from agriculture transformation (organic agriculture) with cross-tribe and cross-ethnic group organization patterns and applies the cultural habits in indigenous society to break through the boundary between individual tribes. It allows the cooperative production and marketing model becoming local resistance strategy to capitalism and neoliberalism, coping with different ethnic groups and cultural background for detailed adjustment, and then establishing their own models and characteristics. The 5 farmers' associations therefore achieve the cross-region integration and become the organizational basis of pan-indigenous solidarity economy. Furthermore, the level of indigenous living culture should be integrated into the production and marketing mechanism of modern organic agriculture to tightly connect indigenous alternative agricultural systems, local diet culture revival, and food sovereignty so as to develop the agronomy movement with indigenous traditional knowledge and characteristics.

並列關鍵字

indigenous peoples ； alternative agricultural systems ； solidarity economy ； PGS