美國身心障礙者無障礙法案及無障礙設計標準之研究

A Study on the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and Standards for Accessible Design

張志源(Chih-Yuan Chang)

《健康與建築雜誌》 3卷3期 (2016/10) Pp. 16-23

https://doi.org/10.6299/JHA.2016.3.3.R1.16

摘要

背景：臺灣正面臨高齡化及建築物無障礙設置法令修正問題，應借鏡美國之無障礙制度予以強化。目的：由於國內建築物無障礙設施設計規範是參考美國身心障礙者法案無障礙設計標準早期版本制訂，本研究透過對美國無障礙法令演變歷程及最新標準找尋值得我國學習之處。方法：主要蒐集美國建築物無障礙法案立法精神、架構及設計標準內容進行分析。結果：美國身心障礙者法案制度起源自對美國傷殘退役軍人及陣亡家屬之撫卹措施，強調確保身心障礙者對公共建築物使用權利機會均等原則，其根本精神是對人權之尊重。無障礙設計標準適用範圍分成州與地方政府機構及新建或變更之公共設施與特殊商業設施，提出對於無障礙通路優先考量內容及避免改善無障礙設施造成經濟負擔之思維，另無障礙準則重視通信設施、防災、非固定設施及休閒設施內容。結論／實務應用：本研究提出美國建築無障礙環境改善把住宅與公共建築物分別訂定法案來解決，另立法精神及重視居民權益及設計準則特色值得我國參考。

關鍵字

無障礙 ； 美國 ； 身心障礙者法案 ； 人權 ； 無障礙設計標準

並列摘要

Background: Facing the issue of an aging society as well as the question of amendments to the Guidelines for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, there is a need for Taiwan to learn from the accessibility system of the United States. Purposes: As the Guidelines for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities of Taiwan is referred to in the early version of the ＂Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Standards for Accessible Design＂, this study examines principles discernible through the evolution of such Act, along with its latest Standards, which are worth grasping. Methods: This study brought together the spirit of the legislation, and the structure and content of the design standards of the Americans with Disabilities Act to conduct an analysis.. Results: The Americans with Disabilities Act, with a fundamental spirit of respect for human rights, originated from pension measures for U.S. disabled veterans and their families, which emphasizes equal opportunity, ensuring the right of the disabled to use public buildings. The applicable scope of such standards of accessible design are divided into state and local government agencies and new or altered public or special business facilities, in which the concepts of the accessible path priority and the avoidance of financial burden caused by the improvement of accessibility as well as the accessibility guidelines focusing on communication facilities, disaster prevention, non-fixed and leisure facilities are proposed. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The improvement by the U.S. of its building accessibility environment through setting out respective bills for residential and public buildings as well as its legislative spirit, attention to residents' interests, and characteristics of the design criteria presented in this study are worthy of our country's consideration.

並列關鍵字

Accessibility ； America ； Disabilities Act ； Human rights ； Standards for Accessible Design