論上博楚簡〈子羔〉之禪讓觀及其文獻性質

本文擬分析上博楚簡〈子羔〉所載之思想大綱及其在政治思想上之意義，並從先秦文體及「禪讓思想」發展之角度討論其學派及作者，以對該篇之文獻性質作一討論。首先、指出〈子羔〉一文的政治思想可大致分為以下幾點：在政治制度方面，輕「世襲」主「禪讓」；在帝王本身的條件方面，輕「血統」而重「德行」；以及，有德之士是否得以受命為帝，與是否得遇明君有關。再者，將〈子羔〉與《論語》比較，發現無論就孔子思想及文體發展的角度觀之，前者所載皆與後者齟齬，並考察先秦儒家學派的發展，對戰國儒家是否有「子羔」一派提出質疑，而認為〈子羔〉的內容並非孔子、子羔對話之實錄。最後，從先秦儒家「禪讓觀」之角度總結〈子羔〉的時代背景，認為可視之為戰國儒家托孔子、子羔以闡述其「禪讓思想」的著作。

關鍵字

上博楚簡；子羔；禪讓

並列摘要

The concepts and political ideology of ”Zigao” described in ”Shang Bo Chu Jian” were analyzed. The aim was to explore the development of the pre-Qin literary styles and the thoughts of ”Shanrang” (it refers to an emperor passing his sovereign power to others instead of his son), as well as to conduct discussions on schools and authors in the chosen literature. The political ideology of ”Zigao” is divided into the following viewpoints: with regard to the political system, it values the ”Shanrang” system and despises the hereditary system. As for the qualifications of being an emperor, it emphasizes the emperor's moral conduct instead of his highborn status. However, whether or not a person with moral conduct can be appointed by an emperor relies on whether he is highly valued by the emperor. In addition, the researcher also recognized that there is a conflict between ”Zigao” and the ”Analects of Confucius” when comparing Confucianism and the development of literary styles. Moreover, a doubt remains in ”Zigao”, indicating that it is not a collection of dialogues between Confucius and his student-Zigao based on the pre-Qin records and Confucianism during the Warring States Period. Finally, Zigao's historical background from the perspective of ”Shanrang” is summarized. The conclusion is that ”Zigao” was written by ”Confucian scholars who expounded their ideology according to the thoughts of ”Shanrang” under the name of Confucius and Zigao.