台灣漢人傳統締結婚姻時在倫理和禮法上的禁忌

Marriage Ethics and Taboos of Ancient Han People in Taiwan

李文獻(Wen-Hsien Lee)

《桃園創新學報》 33期 (2013/12) Pp. 331-355

摘要

我國自古以來，即十分重視婚姻的規範和禮儀，從正式的文獻資料加以考查，這種婚姻的規範和禮儀，就以最常見的婚禮儀式來說，早從兩千多年前的周代起，便有了較定型的規畫，這就是一般所謂的「六禮」。這「六禮」完備於周朝後，就一直流傳下來，歷代雖然有過不少的變化，但是在大體上，直到近日仍在沿用中。本文所指的台灣傳統婚姻，即指受到中國傳統婚姻觀念影響下，流行於台灣地區閩、客族群中的傳統婚姻的規範和禮儀。這範圍包括了大部份閩南和客家的婚俗。然而，這套傳統的儀節，在台灣特有的環境下，經過幾百年的演變，已孕育出自已的特色。清代時的台灣，原本是邊緣移墾的社會，官府統治的力量薄弱，除少數縣城外，有時幾近於無政府之狀態，人民乃因社會需要而自成習俗。當時台灣漢人的婚姻締結以一夫一妻制為基本形式，然一夫多妻（妾）亦屬合法，一般人民可娶妾，並不限制其人數；而其締結婚姻時的觀念與禁忌，雖多承自大陸原鄉，亦多所增損。至於嫁娶規定，雖在律例上多有刊列，但不大為民間所遵守；儘管如此，但是部份嫁娶規定仍為一般人民遵守，這情形必待日人統治後，才慢慢步上正軌。本文主要為陳述台灣民間閩客族群在締結婚姻時在人倫和禮法上的觀念和禁忌。茲分：一、以父母之命為重，二、以媒妁之言為介，三、遵行一夫一妻制的禮法，四、符合禮法上的形式要件，五、不能違反律例、禮法之規定，六、親族不婚的禁忌等六項，至於其他具體擇偶的觀念，如：美醜、人才、金錢、門風、地域、年齡……等具體的條件，則不在論述的範圍。

關鍵字

台灣傳統婚俗 ； 父母之命 ； 媒妁之言 ； 律例 ； 禮法 ； 親族 ； 禁忌

並列摘要

Since ancient times, the Chinese greatly valued the importance of marriage norms and etiquette. From the official documents, such ceremony arrangements were recorded back in Zhou Dynasty in two thousand years ago, commonly known as the ”Six Etiquettes”, and had been carried on since then even with minor changes. The traditional marriage norms in this article indicated that those been practiced in the Hakka and Minnan ethics, while somehow transformed into their own styles after hundreds of years.During the Qing Dynasty in Taiwan, the society was originally based on early farming and cultivation; while with the weak government controls, some villages developed their own ruling social guidelines except for some counties. Han concluded that Taiwan's marriage to monogamy as the basic form, then polygamy (concubine) is also legitimate. Normal civilians can have concubines with no limited numbers. As for the norms and taboos of marriages, most of those were carried since the ancient times while some of them were still developed internally; until the Japanese colony, they gradually went back on track.This study is mainly about Minnan and Hakka's rules and taboos during marriages and ceremonies. First: parents willingness as the most important; second, matchmakers as mediators; third, practice monogamy etiquette; fourth, in line with the formal requirements of etiquettes; fifth, can not violate the normal rules and norms; sixth, no marriages among relatives. As for other choosing criteria, such as physical appearances, talent, wealth, household history and styles, geographical zones, ages and etc are not included in this thesis discussion.

並列關鍵字

Taiwan traditional marriage ； parents' willingness ； matchmakers ； regulations ； norms ； relatives ； taboo