從孝概念的演變談「孔子為曾子說孝」的意義

A Discussion on the Meaning of ＂Confucius's Elaboration of Filial Piety for Zengzi＂ Following the Transformed Concepts of Filial Piety

王燕燕(Yan-yan Wang)

《通識教育學報》 4期 (2016/12) Pp. 97-120

https://doi.org/10.6517/MCUT2016.DEC-05

摘要

《尚書．堯典》：「克諧，以孝烝烝乂，不格姦。」可能自三代前孝就一直受重視，且與政治相聯，應和中華傳統重德、自省的人文特質有關。孝由原始的祭祖追思，演繹為尊親之義，自愛親始，拓展為愛人之仁。孔子以仁統攝諸德，使孝落實為家庭倫理，擴大為社會道德；曾子以忠恕貫之，身體力行，對孝道有所傳承與創新，孝不僅強化、提昇，且再度與政治結合。而至德與治道相通，故《孝經》以「至德要道」稱之。本文試圖由六部成書最早的先秦典籍：《詩經》、《尚書》、《易經》、《左傳》、《逸周書》、《國語》入手，探討早期孝概念之演變，分析《論語》、《孝經》孝道思想淵源與轉變。在《孝經》總會六經，落實人道、上通天道的基礎上，了解「孔子為曾子說孝」之可能及文化義涵。

關鍵字

孔子 ； 曾子 ； 孝 ； 至德要道 ； 先秦典籍

並列摘要

＂Canon of Yao＂ in The Classic of History says, ＂Shun of Yu has been able (however), by his filial piety to live in harmony with them, to lead them gradually to self-government so they (no longer) proceed to great wickedness.＂ The reason why filial piety was valued before Three Dynasties might be that it was associated with politics, the Chinese tradition that attaches importance to morality and the self-reflection culture. The meaning of filial piety was transformed from the original ancestor worshipping to the righteousness of respecting parents, and was expanded from the love for family to the benevolence of loving others. Confucius suggested that benevolence outweighs all virtues and practiced filial piety as family ethics as well as social mortality. Zengzi personally practiced filial piety with loyalty and forgiveness in order to inherit and innovate its principles. Filial piety was not merely enhanced and improved but also combined with politics again. Because virtues are the key to rule of governance, Classic of Filial Piety argues that filial piety is the ＂way to virtues.＂ This study aims to investigate six ancient books in the Pre-Qin period: The Book of Odes, The Classic of History, I Ching, Zuo Zhuan, Yi Zhou Shu and Guoyu (Discourses of the State) to understand the transformation of the concepts of filial piety in early days, as well as to analyze the origin and transformation of thinking of filial piety in The Analects of Confucius, Classic of Filial Piety and Book of Rites. On the basis that Classic of Filial Piety summarizes six classics, fulfills the rule of mankind and connects the rule of heaven, this study intends to understand the possibility and meaning of ＂Confucius' elaboration of filial piety for Zengzi.＂

並列關鍵字

Confucius ； Zengzi ； Filial Piety ； Way to Virtues ； Ancient Books in the Pre-Qin Perio