結合新技術導入預鑄組合式工法設計之風險評估研究－以台東森永五福谷溪護岸工程為例

本研究為強化水土保持工程施工安全衛生管理功能，提升安全衛生管理績效，保障工作者安全與健康，尤其是現場工人短缺與技術水平控管不易問題，爰以具生態及透水考量之多孔性預鑄單元模組施工建造，降低施工危害、加速災修工程執行速度的可能性。預鑄工法透過嚴格的品管環保製程和縮短工期，可以克服各種形狀的預鑄單元及天候影響；單元構件於室內進行預鑄作業，可快速精準有效率地大量生產，並運送至工地現場進行快速吊裝、組立，使用較少人力配合機械施工，使工期至少縮短一半，倘若現場腹地大之條件亦可於現場預鑄以減少搬運受損情形，符合水土保持局推動營造業四化之進程。其中，本研究係以台東森永五福谷溪護岸工程為例，瞭解適用預鑄組合式單元的條件與工法選配原則，為降低辦理運用預鑄組合式單元工程之施工風險，針對所使用之預鑄單元發包工程，輔以新技術方式（包含3D列印技術、無人飛行載具－Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV及建築資訊模型－Building Information Modeling, BIM）導入護岸工程施工流程之工序探討，產出其對應之施工安全風險評估，以提供廠商安全施作。結果顯示，由UAV建模後初步獲得本案之職安風險主要來源如下：臨水作業、開挖邊坡基礎、製作及吊裝預鑄塊以及人員機具共存等四個主要施工風險來源；另外在工項中，以護岸工程的施工是較道路工程有較高的風險考量。故細部針對護岸工程進行BIM軟體4D模擬，得知以預鑄方式護岸施作最主要的危害有五項，分別為物體倒塌（崩落）、墜落、滾落、被撞及感電；其中，被撞的危害是所有工項都需面臨到的危害，主要係工程在施作進行中均需採用動力機械以達到施工的效率，因此，要隨時提防施工機具作業及行徑，以避免人員的傷害是在模擬中能事前獲得的重大風險危害因子。而五福谷溪的護岸工程風險評估案例可以提供未來工程人員，在面臨有臨水作業辦理預鑄塊護岸施作時的參考，這樣的案例亦可做為河溪護岸施作的典範；但如屬大規模崩塌、大型防砂壩興建或者是集水井施作等工事，則可再深入研究，使水保單位建立完整各樣職安施工樣板，提供相關從業人員參用。

關鍵字

UAV ； 3D列印技術； BIM ；預鑄組合式工法；風險評估

並列摘要

Due to the enhancement and the performance of safety and health in soil and water conservation construction, this paper presents precast concrete blocks of revetment method to reduce the hazards in construction industry and to speed up the reconstruction process. The precast concrete blocks with ecological concepts could be made indoor with strict quality control and shorten duration. The block unit could also be produced a great quantity efficiently. By the way, those could be assembled and installed rapidly without huge addition manpower demand. If the construction surrounding space is enough, the blocks could be made nearby in decreasing the damage situation during long distance handling. Therefore, the application of precast concrete blocks in construction is fit to the aims of the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, which are the Design Standardization, Component Precast, Construction Mechanization and Personnel Professionalization. The findings show that in order to reduce the risk of the precast concrete blocks of revetment for the Wu-Fu-Gu River in Taitung, this paper has an attempt during the risk assessment with some new technologies, such as 3D printing, UAV, Pix4D and BIM. Those results could provide the construction company in building revetment more safely. During the assessment process, this paper sets a first standard model in eastern Taiwan for the precast concrete blocks of revetment method.