莫拉克颱風災後十年之重建成果及省思（二）－彩虹永續家園建設

Reconstruction after Typhoon Morakot: Achievements and Reflection on Its 10th Anniversary (II) - Building a Colorful Sustainable Community

陳振川(Jenn-Chuan Chern)

《土木水利》 46卷3期 (2019/06) Pp. 14-30

https://doi.org/10.6653/MoCICHE.201906_46(3).0002

摘要

台灣在過去廿年間，分別經歷921大地震及莫拉克颱風巨大災害之侵襲，造成大規模之國土環境、基礎建設及建築物之破壞、民眾生命財產之嚴重損失，在救災過程並引致政治效應。由於大量建築物及社區因災害而崩損或成為危險地區，災民安置成為災後重建重要一環。本文介紹莫拉克颱風災後政府如何結合民間力量推動家園安置工作，並和921大地震之安置作法之差異性併做分析探討。莫拉克災後安置，因為豪雨所致土石流、坡地崩塌及淹水等災害特性及其破壞，造成原居住地不安全，致有大量異地重建之需求，而大多數需要安置災民為居住於丘陵或山區之原住民，部分經濟較為弱勢，加上文化、族群及生活型態之特殊性，成為本次家園重建之重要考量。莫拉克家園重建係兼顧永久屋基地及原鄉，在國土保育及安全永續綱要指導、和尊重災民自主意願下，朝「彩虹永續社區」目標發展。推動中，係結合民間NGO及企業力量，以直接推動永久屋為主，必要時以組合屋為輔，利用既有之軍營營區、榮眷中心等建築設施做為中期安置，做為安置之主軸。在災後十年，本文就家園安置執行發展之成果及經驗提出討論，並藉由歷年來各項學術統計分析調查來佐證。調查資料顯示重建區災民經過初期之艱困過程，在安置計畫協助下，逐年適應新居住環境，而有高滿意度。莫拉克颱風災後安置模式也順利應用於台灣後續災難之災民安置，此經驗將可提供世界各國參考。

並列摘要

During the past 20 years, Taiwan has been hit by the 1999 Jiji Earthquake and Typhoon Morakot, suffering considerable damage to its land, environment, basic infrastructure and great loss of life and properties, while also facing political ramifications incurred during the disaster relief operation. Due to the destruction of a large number of buildings and communities, many disaster zones became places too dangerous to live. Therefore, how to resettle the victims became an important task. This article will illustrate how the government joined forced with private industries to carry out the resettlement project, and analyze how it is different from the resettlement plans developed after the 1999 Jiji Earthquake. Major disasters caused by the heavy rain Typhoon Morakot brought such as mudslides, landslides and flooding have rendered the victims' original residences uninhabitable. As a result, it was inevitable to rebuild their homes in different locations. Many of the victims are indigenous people, living on hills or in mountains and economically disadvantaged. Moreover, they all have very unique ethnic and cultural backgrounds, as well as a distinct lifestyle. All these factors were taken into careful consideration when we planned the reconstruction of their homeland. The post-Morakot homeland reconstruction project pays equal attention to new permanent house community and their hometown. Following the guidelines for land conservation, safety considerations, and environmental sustainability, and on condition that the victims' voices were duly taken notice of, we carried out the Morakot Home Reconstruction project with the goal of creating a ＂Colorful Sustainable Community.＂ The government enlisted the help of NGOs and business corporations to aim at providing permanent housing as the direct key target, and temporary housing as the needed supporting one. Besides, in accordance with the main resettlement policy, military camps, veteran houses and other facilities were used as mid-term shelters. This article will offer a review of the implementation of this resettlement plan and our achievements. The arguments will be supported by data collected from various academic surveys conducted over the years. In general, they indicate that after getting through some difficult times in the beginning and with the support many resettlement efforts offered, the victims have adopted to their new homes year by year, and have showed a high level of satisfaction. The Morakot post-disaster resettlement model has also been successfully applied to relocating victims in several subsequent disasters in Taiwan. Thus, it can serve as a reliable source materials for other countries to consult.