土酋歸附的傳說與華南宗族社會的創造－以高州冼夫人信仰為中心的考察

The Submission of Local Chiefs and the Construction of Lineage Society in Southwestern China: An Analysis of Beliefs in Lady Xian of Gaozhou

賀喜(Xi He)

《歷史人類學學刊》 6卷1&2期 (2008/10) Pp. 23-66

摘要

本文討論的時段從南北朝到清末，跨越了近1,400年。在這段漫長的歷史中，朝廷與地方的關係發生了關鍵性的改變。梁陳之際，土酋首領的家族歸附了國家，以依附國家的制度顯貴。從明到清，國家的制度滲透到鄉村的層面，一方面越來越多的馮氏人以馮寶和冼夫人為祖先，並通過文字以及依託文字為載體的制度（例如編修族譜），把地方的傳統與中央聯繫起來；另一方面，地方歷史的塑造者用中央對當地的地方政策，重構自己的傳統。馮氏聯宗的不斷擴充與土人受征服的形象創造就是同一個過程的兩面。本文認為，從長時段的視野來看，地方借助國家禮儀製造正統，往往使得國家禮儀重疊在地方習俗之上。因此，地方禮儀多樣性的問題就本該是題中應有之義。禮儀中不同地點間相同與相異的部份，就是歷史學者可以用來重構地方歷史的資料。

關鍵字

冼夫人 ； 高州 ； 宗族 ； 土酋 ； 禮儀

並列摘要

Over the course of more than fourteen hundred years, from the Northern and Southern dynasties to the late Qing, the relationship between the imperial court and local society in southwestern China underwent fundamental changes. In the Liang-Chen period (sixth century CE), the lineages of leading chiefs submitted to the Chinese state, and used their submission to the state to enhance their own status. From Ming to Qing, the state system penetrated to the level of village society. On the one hand, increasing numbers of persons surnamed Feng came to claim Feng Bao and Lady Xian as their ancestors, and used written records and systems relying on written records (such as the compilation of genealogies) to create links between local tradition and the imperial center. On the other, the creators of local history incorporated the history of central state policies towards the locality in the reconstruction of their own tradition. The continual expansion of the Feng descent group and the construction of representations of local submission to state authority were thus two sides of the same process. This paper argues that from the longterm perspective, the locality's borrowing of state ritual forms to construct orthodoxy frequently meant that state ritual forms were superscripted on local practices. Therefore, it is precisely diversity and variety in local ritual practice that should be seen as expressing the inherent meaning of a ritual. The differences and similarities between rituals in different localities are a resource by which historians can reconstruct local history.

並列關鍵字

Lady Xian ； Gaozhou ； lineage ； local chiefs ； rituals