室內擺設與出口特性對人員疏散之影響

建築法規對於建築物的出口數、寬度及樓梯寬度等訂有基本要求，但是對於室內空間應如何規劃卻沒有任何規定，因此本文探討室內家具擺設與出口特性對人員疏散之影響。本研究採用美國國家標準局（National Institute of Standards and Technology）所研發出來的軟體--FDS+Evac，該軟體採用德國物理學家Helbing等人所發展出的社會力模型來模擬人員疏散。模擬案例為一有若干家具物品之空間，探討在各種不同家具物品擺設、人員密度、出口寬度、出口位置及出口數量等情境下，對人員疏散之影響，並將模擬結果與Togawa之理論公式作比較。本研究發現單出口時，角落出口的疏散效率優於中間出口，但不論出口位置，人員逃生時間皆會隨著出口寬度的增加而逐漸降低，當寬度到達臨界值之後，逃生時間則趨於定值，且當人員密度越低時，此臨界值也越小；雙出口時，由於肩寬限制，雙出口的疏散效率低於單出口；家具的擺設方式對於人員逃生的影響不顯著，但是本研究顯示，若家具擺設過於接近出口，人員逃生時間將會顯著增加。另本研究顯示當出口寬度較小時，理論估計值較接近模擬結果。

關鍵字

疏散；社會力模型

並列摘要

Architectural regulations stipulate basic requirements for width of exits and stairs, and number of exits, but no rules on indoor space planning. This report studies the characteristics of the evacuation in a furnished room. The study uses the evacuation software--FDS+Evac, from NIST. FDS+Evac takes advantage of the social force model, first presented by German physicist Helbing. The effects of various furniture planning, exit widths and exit locations under different population density are studied in the simulations. The study finds that, in the single-exit cases, corner-exit cases are better than central-exit cases in the sense of evacuation time; evacuation time decreases with increasing exit width regardless of exit location, but when the exit width comes to a critical value, the evacuation time will stabilize, also smaller population density corresponds to smaller critical value. In the two-exit cases, two-exit cases demonstrate results inferior to single-exit cases. While furniture planning has little effects on evacuation, the results show that the furniture should stay away from exit, or the evacuation time will increase significantly. By the way, Togawa's estimations are closer to the simulation results in the cases with smaller exit widths.