The Legal Constraints upon Bureaucracy in a Constitutional Democracy in an Era of Pubic Governance

公共治理年代憲政民主體制對於文官體系的法律限制

魯俊孟(Chunmeng Lu)

《政策與人力管理》 9卷2期 (2018/12) Pp. 91-105

https://doi.org/10.29944/PPM.201812_9(2).0004

摘要

In the past, the legal branch, namely the courts, did not frequently challenge the executive branch and overturn the decisions made by the administration in a constitutional democracy. However, as the public governance enters the center stage of both the practical and theoretical worlds of the public administration, the court has gradually but consistently intervened with the public affairs and sometimes capsize the decision made by the executive branch. Rosenbloom once observed that the legal system in a constitutional democracy is designed to curtail the executive's discretion and prevent the decision making from deviation of due process. Over the last three decades, he also observed the tendency of the courts to rule in favor of the public goods in many cases. This development can also be observed in Taiwan in some of the volatile cases in recent years. Although it is not the real legal activism, the social changes inspire curiosity to inquire the forces behind the phenomenon. This paper will analyze the major concerns of the legal system to engage in the public decisions since the 1960s', and changes afterwards that drive the legal system to extend its' scopes and intervention in the public affairs in the past decades, and categorize the types and patterns of such actions. Based upon the research, the paper would like to make insightful suggestions to the bureaucracy to accommodate the challenge from the court in terms of institutional arrangements, decision-making behavior, and interaction patterns with the public and interest groups.

關鍵字

The Legal System ； Court ； Administrative Discretion ； Due Process ； Public Governance

並列摘要

在過去民主憲政國家基於三權分立的基礎上，司法權甚少以判例或解釋介入並更動行政權的決策。但是近年來，隨著公共治理的概念逐漸受到重視，司法權使用判例或解釋改變政策的案例所見多有。Rosenbloom曾經指出在民主憲政體制中，司法權對行政權的制衡表現在控制行政裁量權與正當程序的維護。但是在過去三十年中，司法權往往以伸張公共利益之名，介入行政決策。臺灣這些年一些頗具爭議性的法律解釋案亦可說明這種趨勢。雖然其程度不能定義為積極的司法行動主義，但是隱藏於後的社會變動力量的確值得研究。本研究試圖分析過去三十年來導致司法權漸漸介入行政權的社會動力，並且分析司法權較易介入的公共議題有哪些，以及其介入的範圍、例證、與結果。本研究希冀發展出一套符合現代立法主義的決策行為模式，建議文官體系在制訂決策時，如何在立法權設定的體制範圍內，訂定一套符合社會未來發展的公共政策。

並列關鍵字

司法權 ； 法院 ； 行政裁量權 ； 正當程序 ； 公共管理