青少年非法藥物使用進階之實證調查:以收容少年為例

Investigating the Illicit Drugs Use among Juvenile Suspects: Application of Gateway Theory

楊士隆(Shu-Lung Yang) ； 張梵盂(Fan-Yu Chang) ； 曾淑萍(Shu-Ping Tzeng)

《藥物濫用防治》 1卷2期 (2016/09) Pp. 1-25

https://doi.org/10.6645/JSAR.2016.1.2.1

摘要

青少年使用非法藥物已成為嚴重之社會問題，亟待瞭解其發展歷程，俾研擬預防對策因應。學者Kandel(1975)提出藥物濫用進階理論（The Gateway Theoryof Drug Use）指出非法藥物使用的發展順序具有階段性，大部分的青少年多從合法物質（例如菸、酒）開始使用，接下來進階到使用輕微、軟性的非法藥物（毒品），例如大麻，再來則是走向其他硬性非法藥物之使用。為檢視此進階理論觀點，本研究以收容少年為對象，探討其使用合法物質、非法藥物狀況與兩者間之相關性，希冀瞭解其從合法物質進階到非法藥物之使用歷程，並嘗試提出犯罪預防之建議。本研究針對台灣新北市、台中市、高雄市少年觀護所之收容少年進行調查，總計回收有效樣本145 份。研究發現少年入所原因以違反毒品危害防制條例為最高（54 人，37.2％），且其單獨使用合法物質（菸、酒、檳榔）抑或是合併使用合法物質之比例皆極高，入所前一年逾五成的收容少年（80 人，55.2％）同時具有抽菸、飲酒與嚼檳榔之行為。非法藥物使用以愷他命為大宗（90 人，62.1％）；其次為第二級毒品如安非他命、搖頭丸、大麻、浴鹽與神奇蘑菇等，共計有72 名（49.7％）。而收容少年合併使用合法物質與非法藥物以「K 菸」為主（86人，59.7％），此發現顯示其從合法物質進階到非法藥物之進階歷程（gatewayprocess）。研究亦發現當收容少年具合法物質使用經驗，則愈可能有非法藥物使用經驗，且當其使用菸品與檳榔之頻率越高，則愈可能去使用非法藥物；收容少年之進階歷程依序為(1)菸、(2)酒、(3)檳榔、(4)愷他命與(5)其他毒品，愷他命扮演了軟性非法藥物之角色；從進階時程觀之，擁有非法藥物使用經驗的收容少年，其初次接觸合法物質進階到使用非法藥物，平均花費不到1 年（0.96 年）的時間。根據前述研究結果提出強化使用合法物質的預防宣導、及早介入具有合法物質使用經驗之高危少年等建議，以期減少青少年使用非法藥物及進階。

關鍵字

收容少年 ； 非法藥物使用 ； 進階歷程 ； 進階理論

並列摘要

Illicit drug use among adolescents has been a seriously social problem. A further investigation of adolescent illicit drug use and related preventive strategies are needed. Kandel (1975) proposes the gateway theory to explain the advance of drug abuse from using legitimate substances. The present study focuses on adolescent suspects and aims to examine the prevalence of legal substances and illicit drugs use among them, and further investigate the process of using illicit drugs from legal substance use. The participants of this study were recruited from Juvenile Detention Houses in New Taipei City, Taichung and Kaohsiung. In total, 145 valid questionnaires were collected. The results indicated that most of the respondents were detained due to violation of the Drug Prevention and Control Act. This study found that a great amount of juvenile suspects used legitimate substances (such as cigarette, alcohol, and betel nut) in the previous year before detention. Regarding illicit drugs abuse, the results showed that Ketamine was the most popular drug used by those juvenile suspects. Especially, many juvenile suspects took Ketamine by mixing use of cigarettes. Such condition illustrates the gateway process of advance from legitimate substances to illicit drugs use. This study also found that juvenile suspects who had the experiences of legitimate substances use were very likely to use illegal drugs. The gateway sequence of development was ＂cigarette＂, ＂alcohol＂, ＂betel nut＂, ＂Ketamine＂ and ＂other illicit drugs＂. Ketamine seemed to play the role of ＂soft illicit drugs＂ in this sequence. Regarding the time sequence, the result showed that it was less than 1 year from first experience of using legitimate substances to first use of illicit drugs among those juvenile suspects. Based on the aforementioned results, this study provides some suggestions regarding the prevention of adolescent illegal drug use. The government and public should pay more attention to legitimate substances use of adolescents and provide early intervention to those who already have used legitimate substances. In so doing, the gateway process of legal drug use will have a chance to be interrupted.

並列關鍵字

Juvenile Suspects ； Illegal Drugs Use ； Gateway Process ； Gateway Theory