唐宋以下「三大士」圖像之發展──以觀音、文殊、普賢三尊像為課題

The Iconography of the ＂Three Great Ones＂ after the Sung Dynasty-Guanyin, Manjushri, and Samantabhadra Bodhisattvas

郭祐孟(Yu-Meng Guo)

《華嚴學報》 5期 (2013/06) Pp. 109-144

摘要

「大士」一辭原有二語義：梵語mahāpuruṣa，與「無上士」同義，意即最勝之士夫，原為對佛之尊稱；又梵語mahāsattva（摩訶薩埵），為菩薩之美稱，與「摩訶薩」同。唐代以降，「三大士」造像發展成熟，成為殿堂中菩薩造像的主流，所謂：觀音、文殊、普賢。本文從經典中對「三大士」的稱呼談起，依圖像史料來觀察「三大士」模式的演變和開展，輔以佛門人物對其相關義理的探討，希望能讓「三大士」造像的內在脈絡突顯出來。將歷代現存的「三大士」造像概分為四種類型：（一）北魏的三菩薩造像（二）唐代結合盧舍那佛以十一面觀音為中尊的「三大士」造像（三）宋代之後以觀音為中尊的「三大士」造像（四）宋代以彌勒為中尊的「三大士」造像等。然後比對同質性的遺例作證明，文末並聯繫到「三大士」造像在台灣早期的發展情況，古今互襯。作者主要運用佛教石窟圖像學和圖像義理的方法，對「三大士」造像進行初步整理，也指出那可能是受到華嚴思想影響下的造像。

關鍵字

三大士 ； 觀音 ； 文殊 ； 普賢 ； 華嚴圖像

並列摘要

The Sanskrit origins of the ＂great one＂ could be attributed to mahāpuruṣa, which means the supreme man, one of the titles reserved for Buddha; and mahāsattva, a more polite way to address the principal Bodhisattva. After the Tang Dynasty, the imagery of the ＂three great ones＂ became more prevalent in temples. And the devotees became familiar with the group of three bodhisattvas, Guanyin, Manjushri, and Samantabhadra. This paper begins with the phrase ＂three great ones＂ and then goes on to delineate the pattern and development of the iconography of this specific group of bodhisattvas. Relevant historical Buddhist commentaries on the meaning of this group help to reveal the internal principle of the group. The iconography of surviving ＂three great ones＂ can be classified into the following four different categories, (1) the images of three bodhisattvas appeared in Northern Wei Dynasty, (2) Vairocana Buddha in combination with a group of three bodhisattvas with eleven-headed Guanyin as the central deity during the Tang Dynasty, (3) a group of three bodhisattvas with Guanyin as the central deity after Sung Dynasty, (4) another group of three bodhisattvas with Maitreya as the central deity after Sung Dynasty. The iconography of the ＂three great ones＂ in early Taiwan will also be discussed briefly in the last section of this paper. This is the author's first attempt to study the imagery of the ＂three great ones＂ throughout history in terms of Buddhist iconography and Buddhist principles. It seems the emergence of this specific group of bodhisattvas is influenced by the Huayan thought.

並列關鍵字

The three great ones ； Guanyin ； Manjushri ； Samantabhadra ； Huayan iconography