趨向補語「V－下來／下去」在現代漢語中的用法探析及其教學啟示

The Study of ＂Verb-Xialai / Xiaqu＂ Usage in Modern Chinese and the Related Implications for Teaching

林妙治(Miao-Chih Lin)

《臺大華語文教學研究》 2期 (2014/08) Pp. 43-69

https://doi.org/10.6664/NTUTCSL.201408_(2).0002

摘要

有鑑於外國學生在使用複合趨向補語中或見偏誤的情形，因此本文擬從文獻討論複合趨向補語，從中歸納分析可遵循之規則，並針對華語學習者使用的偏誤病句進行探討，期能提出「Ｖ－下去」、「Ｖ－下來」用法清楚易用的規則，幫助學生學習這些語法點。研究方法採取資料庫語料分析法，利用中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫做為通用句式參考，以及北京語言大學HSK動態作文語料庫進行「Ｖ－下去」、「Ｖ－下來」的偏誤用法探析。本文探討複合趨向補詞「下來」、「下去」搭配動詞使用之延伸意義。研究問題為：（1）「Ｖ－下來」、「Ｖ－下去」在趨向功能的語義、語用上有何差異？（2）「Ｖ－下來」、「Ｖ－下去」在搭配的短語上有何規則可供遵循或加以判別？（3）在教學上有何建議或啟示可供參考？對於「Ｖ－下來」、「Ｖ－下去」的判別依據，本文認為二分法歸類可應用於華語教學上解說，以空間意義與時間意義為根基說明，即可判別語句基本用法。空間 意義可包括具體與抽象的方向、位置的起始點、終點等；時間意義則可判別過去和未來的位移方向，以及狀態、結果的確定等，皆可清楚參照使用。本文建議，在教學時，應先就空間意義的基本闡述，進階到時間意義的延伸，並搭配可依循的通用短詞例句，再搭配情境式練習來使用。

關鍵字

趨向補語 ； 「Ｖ－下去」 ； 「Ｖ－下來」 ； 複合趨向補語

並列摘要

This study aims to examine the syntactical differences of the directional complements ＂Verb-Xialai / Xiaqu＂, and generalizes the differentiating rules by investigating sentences with ＂Verb-Xialai / Xiaqu＂, and analyses errors usage in corpus to help the foreign students use the directional complements correctly. Two Chinese corpus were selected as the linguistic data, Sinica Corpus as the reference of prescriptive sentence and the corpus of HSK dynamic composition corpus established by Beijing Language University as the source of errors sentences. This study examines the extended meanings and the different syntactical functions of the directional complements ＂Verb-Xialai＂ and ＂Verb-Xiaqu＂, and also develops rules to distinguish the two complements and proposes teaching implications. This article suggests that a dichotomy manner can be used for teaching the directional complements of ＂Verb-Xialai / Xiaqu＂ and distinguish their syntactical usages. The concept of the spatial movement contains the following features: the concrete movement, the abstract movement, the initial position and the terminal position, etc. The concept of the temporal movement helps to distinguish the tenses and affirmation of the status and result of a given event. The article proposes that we may teach ＂Verb-Xialai＂ & ＂Verb-Xiaqu＂ with the introduction of the concept of spatial movement in the beginning, and later extend to the concept of the temporal movement including the practices with common lexical items based on the generated differentiating rules, and provide learners with a designed situation to form the cognition accordingly.

並列關鍵字

directional complement ； ＂verb-xialai＂ ； ＂verb-xiaqu＂ ； compound directional complements