從語序、轄域檢視中文副詞之分類

Reclassifying Chinese Adverbs Based on Scope and Word Order

孫子涵(Tzu-Han Sun)

《臺大華語文教學研究》 5期 (2017/08) Pp. 101-123

https://doi.org/10.6664/NTUTCSL.2017.08.101.03

摘要

現代漢語中有大量的副詞，無論從語義、語法等面向來看，皆有其複雜性。前人已針對副詞之形式、意義、可移位與否等方面提出諸多論述，並依照其語法功能與語義做出分類。就其語序而言，有些副詞可以移位至句首，有些只能置於動詞之前，但漢語的特殊句式－重動句與連動句－皆有兩個動詞，也意味著副詞的位置有三個可能性，且不同位置可能代表不同意義。但就目前副詞的分類而言，並未能針對副詞的語序提出有系統的分類與合宜的解釋。有鑑於此，本篇以重動句與連動句作為主要句式，探究副詞語序及其轄域對語義的影響，並綜合前人關於副詞轄域與可否移位的研究結果重新檢視已有的分類標準。依語序與轄域重新區分副詞後，發現程度副詞只可置於句中，且皆為部分轄域；否定副詞以置於句中為主，其轄域也僅包含副詞之後的成分。方式副詞與範圍副詞皆多置於句中，且多屬於部分轄域。語氣副詞多為全句轄域，但語序較不固定。時間副詞的共性最不明顯。

關鍵字

轄域 ； 語序 ； 副詞分類 ； 副詞教學 ； 時序律

並列摘要

There are many adverbs in Mandarin Chinese, which are complex in terms of both meaning and grammar fields. Many have discussed the question from the aspects of adverbial construction, meaning, movability, etc., and then classify the adverbs by their grammatical functions and meanings. From the word order aspect, some adverbs can be moved to the head of sentences, some are only able to be placed before verbs. However, there are two special constructions in Mandarin - the Verb-copying Sentence and the Connected-verb Sentence, which are both sentences with two verbs. Therefore, there should be three different positions of adverbs, and different positions may lead to divergent meanings in the sentence. In terms of present adverbial classification, there is still not a systematic classification or proper explanation of the adverbial positions. Therefore, this paper researches the influence of the adverbial order and scope to the meaning of sentences and use the Verb-copying Sentence and the Connected-verb Sentence as the main sentence constructions to examinet the current classification. This paper will also integrate perspectives from previous literature on scope and movability to rethink the classification of adverbs. After re-distinguishing adverbs based on word order and scope, it appears that degree adverbs can be placed in the middle of sentences and are all partial scope; negative adverbs are mostly placed in the middle of sentences, and are all partial scope as well. The position of manner adverbs and range adverbs are both mostly in the middle of sentences, and most of them are partial scope. A majority of modal adverbs are whole scope, but the order is not as regular as other kind of adverbs. The time adverbs share the least commonality.

並列關鍵字

scope ； word order ； adverb classification ； adverb teaching ； Principal of Temporal Sequence