論「南宗禪」「悟後起修」的修行功夫與理念－以慧能與量子力學為例

A Discussion on Practice and Idea of ＂Southern School of Chan＂ and ＂Initiation of Practice after Perception of Insight＂- Taking Huineng and Quantum Mechanics for Example

盧國慶(Guo-Qing Lu)

《國防大學通識教育學報》 6期 (2016/07) Pp. 123-143

摘要

「南宗禪」傳自釋迦牟尼到六祖慧能開枝散葉，南宗禪的頓悟有「證悟」與「解悟」；「解悟」僅是經由突然的領悟，確認與瞭解法界實相的道理，在生命上並無真實受用，所以工夫須從自性頓修，唯對法門已信心十足；對修學的方向非常確定。而指導「南宗禪」悟後修行的最重要的方法與綱領，就屬六祖慧能「無念、無相、無住」的「三無法門」。慧能「三無」修行方法，偏重在「無念為宗」。「無念」即是「超越分別的概念」，神會也在真如佛性的角度上解釋無念法。由此可見，慧能的「無念」功夫法門之「無」，是無塵相染著之心；「念」是反諸己心，見其真如自性。「無住」慧能詮釋為「無住者，為人本性」。一旦明心見性，明白自性實相，知悉萬相虛妄不可得，從而恒沙妄念，一時頓盡，清靜無染之自性自然敞現。神會把「無相」、「無住」都歸結於「無念」，慧能、神會二人都明確宣稱：「但得無念即是解脫。」「念不起」又稱「定慧等」。定與慧的關係，名雖有二，體本同一。神會認為，所謂「應無所住」是「本寂之體」，就是「定」；「而生其心」則是「本智之用」，就是「慧」。此外，慧能對「無相」修行特別重視，因為「無相」是入「無念」之門，所以慧能的「頓悟法門」以「以無相為體」。慧能言：「外離一切相，名為無相」。「離」的關鍵不是外在形式的「離」，而是內在意念的「離」，即「於相而離相」，意觀相而不著物，應緣而無所住染。事實上，經由慧能淺明易懂的開示，展現「無念為宗」、「無相為體」與「無住為本」三者本一的體用功夫關係，成為南宗禪最為核心的功夫方法論。現代量子力學的「全息理論」，啟始於阿斯派克特（Alain Aspect）的「量子糾纏」（quantum entanglement）實驗，倫敦大學物理學家大衛．玻姆（David JosephBohm）認為次原子粒子能彼此保持聯繫，不管它們之間距離多遠。因為它們的分離是一種幻象。在現實的某種較深的層次中，粒子是一個而不是分離的個體，意味著我們的客觀現實世界並不存在，其實宇宙只是一個投影出來的全像攝影幻象相片（Hologram）。全像相片的宇宙顯明秩序層與隱含秩序層物體看似彼此分離，但在更深更高層次的真實相狀中其實是「相互連結一起」；而當卡爾．普里布蘭(Karl H. Pribram)全像式腦部模型與大衛．玻姆理論放在一起時，被稱為「全像式模型理論」（holographic paradigm)，顯示現存的世界祇是一團全像攝影式的波動，根本不是真實存在，正是呼應了南宗禪「萬相虛妄論」最佳的修行理念。其次，「雙縫實驗」結果發現「物質」(粒子)只有在被「觀察偵測」的那一刻才從「能量」(波動)凝聚成有本體的物質(粒子)，易言之，整個世界的物質本質上都是以「波」的能量方式存在，而觀察者的「觀察」卻將「波」的世界變成普通的粒子世界。亦即凡眼目所見都是幻象。此義正是南宗禪接承的「無相」修行功夫觀點。現代量子力學「全息理論」更顯示，整個宇宙萬物在高維隱含秩序層是一體的，是一而不是二，這跟南宗禪說的「一即一切，一切即一」完全一樣。人如果證得整個宇宙一切生命都是自己，自知本體寂靜，空無所有，亦無住著，等同虛空，無處不遍，即是諸佛真如身，又何需起心動念，自然能入於無念可起，空靜寂滅的涅槃境界。這項揭示，也真正呼應南宗禪為何以「無念為宗」做為最核心的修行功夫理念。

關鍵字

宗禪 ； 無念 ； 無相 ； 無住 ； 三無法門 ； 全息理論 ； 量子糾纏

並列摘要

＂Southern school of Chan＂ was originated from Sakyamuni and was widely spread at the era of Sixth and Last Patriarch - Huineng. The insights of southern school of Chan include ＂enlightenment＂ and ＂understanding-awakening.＂ ＂Understanding-awakening＂ is merely the confirmation and understanding of actual situation of absolute reality through sudden awakening. However, it does not create actual utility in life. Therefore, practice has to be dependent upon insight into self-nature. Only when one is extremely confident in the Buddha's teaching can he/she be extremely certain of the direction of practice of learning. The most important method and guideline for instructing practice after perception of insight into ＂southern school of chan＂ are ＂the three absences of the Buddha's teaching＂ - ＂absence of thought, absence of form, and non-dwelling＂ of Sixth and Last Patriarch - Huineng. Huineng's practice method of ＂three absences＂ lays particular stress on ＂absence of thought as the main idea.＂＂Absence of thought＂ is ＂to exceed the concept of differentiation.＂Shenhui also explained the method of absence of thought from the perspective of thusness of nature of Buddha. Therefore, the Buddha's teaching of ＂absence＂ in Huineng's ＂absence of thought＂ is based on the heart of absence of interference from the mortal world. ＂Thought＂ is to reflect on one's own heart and probe into one's true nature. For ＂non-dwelling,＂ Huineng said, ＂Non-dwelling is the nature of mankind.＂ Once one understands his/her own heart and learns of the actual situation of his/her nature and the fact that all forms are illusive and unreachable, he/she will get rid of desire, suddenly perceive the insight, and naturally reflect unpolluted pure nature. Shenhui summarized both ＂absence of form＂ and ＂non-dwelling＂ into ＂absence of thought.＂ BothHuineng and Shenhui explicitly declared that: ＂Once one achieves the absence of thought, he/she will reach self-realization. ＂Non-development of thought＂ is also called ＂certainty, wisdom, and waiting.＂Although certainty and wisdom are two different names, they share the same nature. Shenhui suggested that, the so-called ＂necessity of non-dwelling＂ is the ＂embodiment of loneliness,＂ namely, ＂certainty.＂＂Development of heart＂ is ＂utilization of wisdom,＂ namely, ＂wisdom.＂Moreover, Huineng attached particular importance to the practice of ＂absence of form＂ because ＂absence of form＂ is the gateway to ＂absence of thought.＂ Therefore, Huineng's ＂insight into the Buddha's teaching＂ is the ＂embodiment of absence of form.＂Huineng said, ＂External separation from all forms and fames is absence of form.＂ The key to ＂separation＂ is not the ＂separation＂ of external forms, but that of internal ideas. In other words, ＂one trapped in forms separates himself/herself from forms.＂ Therefore, one should observe forms without being attached to objects and one should follow destiny without dwelling and being polluted. As a matter of fact, the comprehensible interpretation of Huineng reflects the relationship of three absences: ＂absence of thought as the main idea, ＂absence of form as the embodiment,＂ and ＂non-dwelling as the basis,＂ which becomes the core practice methodology of southern school of chan. The ＂Hologram Theory＂ of modern quantum mechanics was originated from ＂quantum entanglement＂ experiment conducted by Alain Aspect. Physicist David Joseph Bohm in University of London suggested that, subatomic particles are able to maintain mutual contact no matter how far the distances among them are because their separation is an illusion. In a certain deeper level of reality, a particle is not an isolated individual suggesting that human beings' objective real world does not exist, and in fact, the universe is merely a projected hologram. The explicate order and implicate order of university in hologram are seemingly separated from each other. However, in a deeper and higher level of actual image, they are actually ＂mutually connected.＂ The combination of holographic brain model proposed by Karl H. Pribram with the theory proposed by David Joseph Bohm is called ＂holographic paradigm,＂ which shows that the existing world is merely a series of holographic waves and actually is not in existence. ＂Holographic paradigm＂ exactly responds to ＂all forms are illusive＂ ofsouthern school of chan as the best practice idea. Moreover, ＂double-slit experiment＂ discovered that, ＂matters (particles)＂ will not congregate into physical matters (particles) from ＂energy＂ (wave motion) until the moment when they are ＂observed and detected.＂ In brief, the matters in the whole world essentially exist in energy form of ＂waves,＂ and observers'＂observation＂convert the world of ＂waves＂ into general world of particles. In other words, anything witnessed by eyes is illusion. This meaning is the same as the practice perspective of ＂absence of form＂ inherited by southern school of chan. The ＂Hologram Theory＂ of modern quantum mechanicsalso shows that, the high-dimensional implicate order of the entire universe and all things are one, instead of two. This concept is completely the same as that of ＂One is everything, and everything is one＂ of southern school of chan. If people can prove that every life in the entire universe is themselves and perceive their own loneliness and emptiness, they can understand that non-dwelling is equal to emptiness and existence in every place. In other words, with the thusness of all gods, there is no need to motivate one because he/she can naturally practice absence of thought and achieve the realm of silence and peace. Such a revelation actually also responds to the fact - southern school of chan regards ＂absence of thought as the main idea,＂ as well as the core practice methodology.

並列關鍵字

southern school of chan ； absence of thought ； absence of form ； non-dwelling ； three absences of the Buddha's teaching ； hologram theory ； quantum entanglement