從天台圓觀論水陸儀軌之真法供養精神

On the Spirit of Making Offerings of the True Dharma in Water and Land Liturgy From the Perspective of Tiantai Perfect Meditation

釋印隆(Yin-Lung Shi)

《中華佛學研究》 12期 (2011/12) Pp. 37-83

https://doi.org/10.29669/CHBS.201112.0002

摘要

水陸法會是漢傳佛教最盛大隆重的法會，以集諸多殊勝功德、時間長且規模大為其特色。水陸法會的精神，在於「用平等心，修無礙供」；但「平等無礙」的具體落實，需回歸到修行層面。若忽略了水陸法會的修持精神與意義，將致使法會流於形式運作而已。現今所流傳的「水陸儀軌」，即是依天台宗教觀之理論與實踐方式來集懺法之大成，貫串於整體水陸儀軌之核心，為圓頓觀法的修持。因此，本文主要是以現今流傳最廣的民國法裕法師重編之《水陸儀軌會本》為研究文本，並同時參照宋代志磐大師撰、明代蓮池大師修訂的《法界聖凡水陸勝會修齋儀軌》內容。以天台圓觀思想，探討「水陸儀軌」中的真法供養精神。水陸儀文以「真法供養」作為貫串整體儀文的核心教義，表達出水陸法會「用平等心，修無礙供」的平等供施精神。智者大師對於「真法供養」的詮釋，即是能圓觀諸法而證悟中道實相之理。從水陸儀文中可知，水陸法會的修齋，是透過種種事儀讓大眾隨文成就圓觀之修行，以契入大悲平等的諸法實相精神。而天台圓觀的理論基礎在於法界之理，為三諦圓融，以顯色心不二、法法皆妙之理，故能以一食遍施十方十法界，成就真法供養。水陸法會的修齋，是透過水陸儀軌的種種事儀，來成就圓觀之修行。若能了知法法皆是妙法，即事即理，圓融無礙，即能成就無上第一法施，回復吾人之本來面目。整體水陸儀軌即是圓觀的修行實踐，為大乘菩薩道的六度萬行。本論文的研究目的，即是希望能重現祖師大德編製水陸儀軌的宏心悲願，透過水陸的儀文內容，讓參與法會大眾明瞭佛陀出世教化的本懷。水陸儀軌的特色在於「用平等心修無礙供，以大悲心施一切眾」，平等心、大悲心的具體落實，是要能一心圓觀，藉由種種事儀而真切如法修持，以契入平等大悲之精神，成就自利利他的菩提道業。

關鍵字

水陸法會 ； 水陸儀軌 ； 圓觀 ； 中道實相 ； 真法供養

並列摘要

The Water and Land Dharma Function (also known as ＂Waterland Dharma Function＂, ＂Liberation Rite of Water and Land＂, and ＂Shuilu Fahui＂ in Pinyin Romanization) is one of the grandest dharma assemblies in Chinese Buddhism. It has the characteristics of being large, long-lasting, and producing a myriad of unequalled merits. The spirit of Water and Land Dharma Function is to ＂practice unobstructed offerings with an impartial mind.＂ However, impartiality and non-obstruction cannot be attained without resorting to the cultivation of oneself. If the spirit and meanings of Water and Land Dharma Function are neglected, the dharma function is reduced to a mere formality. The currently-used version of ＂Water and Land Liturgy＂ (＂Shuilu Yigui＂ in Romanization) is a compilation of essence of various repentance rituals based on the theory and practice of the teachings and observation of Tiantai School. The core of the ＂Water and Land Liturgy＂ is the practice of the perfect sudden meditation (hereafter ＂perfect meditation＂). Therefore, this study is trying to explore the spirit of making offerings of the true dharma in Water and Land Liturgy, from the perspective of the perfect meditation of Tiantai School by researching into the ＂Compilation of Water and Land Liturgies (Shuilu Yigui Huiben),＂ which was edited by Master Fayu in 1920's and is used most commonly nowadays, while referring to the text of ＂Fajie Shengfan Shuilu Shenghui Xiuzhai Yigui＂ written by Master Zhipan in Song Dynasty and revised by Master Lianchi in Ming Dynasty. ＂The offering of the true dharma＂ is used as the core doctrine to penetrate the whole Water and Land Liturgy, which conveys the spirit of impartial offerings contained in the motto-＂Practice unobstructed offerings with an impartial mind＂ - of Water and Land Dharma Function. Master Zhiyi's interpretation of ＂making offerings of the true dharma＂ is to have perfect insight into all dharmas and thus fully realize the logic of middle-way reality. We know from the Water and Land Liturgy that the abstinence practice in the Water and Land Dharma Function is to allow participants to practice perfect meditation with the words in the liturgy through various rituals, in order to capture the spirit of great compassion and impartiality-the real character of all dharmas. The theoretical foundation of Tiantai's perfect meditation is that the truth of the dharma-realm is the perfect interfusion with the three truths, so as to manifest the truth of non-duality of matter and mind, as well as the fact that all dharmas are marvelous. Therefore, an offering can be made to pervade the ten directions and ten dharma-realms, to achieve the goal of making offerings of the true dharma. The abstinence practice in the Water and Land Dharma Function is to practice perfect meditation through various rituals of the dharma function. If we understand that all dharmas are marvelous, perfectly penetrative and without obstruction, and phenomenally identical with their underlying principle, we are able to complete the supreme dharma offering and rediscover our real self. The whole Water and Land Liturgy is the implementation of perfect meditation, as well as the six perfections in myriad actions of the Mahayana bodhisattva's path. The purpose of the study is to manifest ancestral teachers' compassionate wishes in their compilation of water and land liturgies, allowing participants to understand the Buddha's intentions in his teachings through the content of the liturgy. The characteristics of Water and Land Liturgy are to ＂practice unobstructed offering with an impartial mind, and make donations to all with great compassion.＂ To actualize impartiality and compassion, one must concentrate and practice perfect meditation, and cultivate, according to the Buddha's teachings, oneself sincerely with great devotion, in order to capture the spirit of impartiality and great compassion, and attain self- and others-benefiting bodhi.

並列關鍵字

Water and Land Dharma Function ； Water and Land Liturgy ； Perfect meditation ； Middle-way reality ； Offerings of the true dharma

參考文獻

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