試論《莊子》的「神人无功」

An Essay on Zhuangzi's ＂Holy Man who Cares for No Merit＂

姚彥淇(Yen-Chi Yau)

《臺北市立大學學報.人文社會類》 50卷2期 (2019/12) Pp. 1-14

https://doi.org/10.6336/JUTHSS.201912_50(2).0001

摘要

《莊子．逍遙遊》論無待之士的三種人格面向有云：「至人无己，神人无功，聖人无名。」本文主要是從「神人」和「無功」的角度來切入，探討無功與神人在屬性上有何關係，並分析莊書是如何利用「神人无功」內蘊的原理，為「無為政治」建構一套理論上可行的運行機制。首先，在莊子的思想架構中「無為心法」和「養神工夫」有密切的關係，吾人如能揖天道之化無為而作，即能調適上遂達無功之境，也即是遊於天地、不離於精的神人。而莊子之所以主張「神人」是理想人格的重要面向，原因之一就在於神人是啟動無為政治運作的關鍵主體，不過這個主體並非意識上的主體，或是科層制頂端的統御者，而是透過形氣同流與所有個體建起感應關係的連續主體。如果我們用一個比較具體的意象來比喻，莊子的神人所扮演的角色如同一個大樂團的指揮家，他以各種方式引導並鼓勵所有團員，依其本能呈現出最好的演奏水準。但他並非以整個樂團為樂器加以指使操控，而是將他原本的意識主體消融於音樂之中，讓形神隨著天籟的節奏一起悠游於天地之間。而這同時也是莊子的「無為而治」理想，在邏輯上有實踐可能的理論基礎。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 神人 ； 無功 ； 無為 ； 形氣主體

並列摘要

Zhuangzi's ＂Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease＂ discusses about the following three different characteristics: ＂The perfect man who is without self, the holy man who cares for no merit, the sage who is without name.＂ From the perspectives of ＂Holy Man＂ and ＂Cares for no Merit,＂ this manuscript probes into the attributes and relationships between the manner of not caring about merits and the holy man, as well as to analyze how Zhuangzi's works have utilized the intrinsic principles of ＂the holy man who cares for no merit＂ in order to structure a set of theory regarding the operating mechanism of ＂Inaction.＂ First of all, Zhuangzi's cognitive structures of ＂Inaction＂ and ＂Nurturing＂ have a close relationship - how we can apply the inaction so that it will be possible to achieve the state of care-for-no-merit in order to explore the world and become a Holy Man. Zhuangzi defines ＂The Holy Man＂ as the fundamental facet and ideal characteristics of a person. One of the main reasons is the holy men are the key players in initiating the political operation of inaction, however this subject is not related to the subject of consciousness nor about the ruling at the top of the bureaucracy. It is actually a continuous subject that establishes an inductive relationship with all individuals through the form of Qi. If we are supposed to use a more concrete imagery to build our metaphor, Zhuangzi's Holy Man is actually playing a role as a conductor in an orchestra who guides and encourages all members through different methods in order to give the best performance at the highest standard. However, this Holy Man does not use the entire orchestra as a musical instrument to directly manipulate the audience, but actually to embed his original subject of consciousness into the music so that the gods can wander between the heavens and the earth along with the rhythm of the sky. Simultaneously, this is Zhuangzi's theory of ＂Inaction＂ that shows a logical and theoretical basis for practice.

並列關鍵字

Zhuangzi ； the Holy Man ； without achievement ； non-action ； the Form-Qi Subject

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