類博物館的地方文化館參與節慶與地方意識之連結－以平溪為例

本文聚焦於地方文化館、平溪天燈節慶與地方意識，並以平溪的公營菁桐礦業生活館及私營臺灣煤礦博物館為案例，透過文獻分析、深度訪談及現場參與觀察，針對「地方文化館參與節慶」、「地方文化館與地方意識」及「節慶與地方意識」等三構面進行分析，探討地方文化館與地方意識的關聯。在「地方文化館參與節慶」構面，公營菁桐礦業生活館在平溪天燈節期間是政府運用的行銷據點，臺灣煤礦博物館因位置及節慶交通管制，涉入平溪天燈節活動較少；但此二館均利用公私協力的方式，進行與地方特色相符的展示與活動，且皆期盼政府給予協助。在「地方文化館與地方意識」構面，地方居民認為公營菁桐礦業生活館跟地方生活的連結可以再強化。臺灣煤礦博物館因對地方事務的創發與投入，提供在地人就業機會，給予在地學生免費體驗學習機會，地方人士給予認同跟肯定。在「節慶與地方意識」構面，地方意識與節慶互有增強，透過籌辦平溪天燈節，地方人士與民間組織累積了「由下而上」、「自立自主」及「居民參與」推動在地文化的能量，平溪居民地方主體意識強烈，對於地方建設方向有較一致的共識，當地發展尚未因節慶而過度商業化，外來商家數量甚低，老街、生態仍保有地方特色，故地方文化館應凸顯其經營特色。綜上，地方文化館若要得到在地認同，其發展策略應開啟當地對於其形成過程的興趣與重視，朝在地認同之生態、文史議題方向努力，形塑有別於其他地方文化館之特色，並帶動關心地方發展之在地人士長期投入，產生情感性的連結與歸屬感，進而促發由下而上的認同與支持力量。進一步對照自由主義和社群主義的文化政策觀，則可發現地方文化館建置精神乃是社群主義，政策目標設定以逐步從文化硬體建設到地方人才培育、地方文化休閒遊憩產業轉型為地方文化的育成中心，並打造「地方文化生活圈」；地方文化館政策核心內涵皆是為地方民眾而存在，並以地方人才培育與地方文化館永續經營為目的。然而本文提出社群主義有其政策盲點，與在地觀點之間常有落差；而地方人士長期參與地方發展，較能屏除個人本位主義，並以地方永續發展角度思考，故若要落實社群主義的政策，政府仍應與這些參與地方發展的在地人對話，才能真正瞭解當地需求。整體而言，減少自由主義與社群主義的差距，有助於長期的政策推動、地方發展及社會融合，此即國家企圖到地方意識凝聚的一項重要過程。

關鍵字

地方文化館；平溪天燈節；地方意識；社群主義；自由主義

並列摘要

Through literature review, in-depth interviews, and on-site observation, this study focuses on local cultural museums (LCMs), especially in relation to the local awareness of Pingxi and its Sky Lantern Festival. The public Jingtong Industry Livelihood Hall and the private Taiwan Coal Mines Museum are used as examples to investigate the following: (1) Participation of LCMs in local festivals: Due to its strategic location, the Jingtong Industry Livelihood Hall is the government's promotional base for the Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival. In contrast, the private Taiwan Coal Mines Museum is more remote and has fewer links to this festival. Nevertheless, both museums use public-private partnerships to produce displays and activities that complement the local characteristics and seek help from the government. (2) Relationship between LCMs and local awareness: Local residents think that the Jingtong Industry Livelihood Hall lacks a strong link to local life. The Taiwan Coal Mines Museum is considered a better local partner due to the introduction of several initiatives, such as offering of jobs to youth and free learning opportunities to students. (3) Relationship between local awareness and local festivals: By holding the Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival, local residents and organizations accumulate synergy from bottom-up decision-making, self-autonomy, and resident participation. Pingxi residents have a strong sense of local awareness and consensus about local development. This reduces the risk of over-commercialized development. Hence, for LCMs to obtain the local recognition, they need strategies that may stimulate local people's interests and concerns about their unique establishment and development, fit to the local ecology, culture, and history. They also must promote long-term participation of local people and communities who care about the local development to build emotional connection and bring out the bottom-up synergy. In contrast to Liberalism, the spirit of LCMs is Communitarianism. The policy objectives are to add to the cultural hardware, cultivate local talent, expand the local cultural recreation industry and establish a local cultural community. LCM policy has as its core values the needs of local people, professional cultivation and sustainable management. However, Communitarianism has policy blind spots and deficiencies from the local point of view. Governments should have more conversations with local residents to better understand real local needs if they want to execute Communitarianism-related policies successfully. Reducing the gap between Liberalism and Communitarianism is essential to policy execution, local development, and societal harmony. It is also important for creating a bridge between national intention and local awareness.