博物館發展中的國家力量－臺灣經驗討論

本文以宏觀的政策研究取向，討論由中央政府主導、不同時期的文化政策，對於臺灣博物館整體發展的影響。本文提出臺灣的博物館建設除了1970年代後期十二項建設，是以建設現代化的國家為前提、屬於為文化而文化的基礎建設之外，其他時期的博物館建設，多是呼應國家更大的發展議題而來。而且，政治面、社會面與經濟面的政策，對博物館的發展而言，是個堆疊、漸增(incremental)的發展過程。其中，雖然社區總體營造的政策理念，對臺灣自身的文化建構深具意義，但是以臺灣現有的資源來看，此政策和其後地方文化館的發展，造成博物館的數量過度擴張。文化創意產業政策的推展，造成核心功能欠缺的博物館，在營運上向經濟面傾斜；也造成不以教育功能為主要目的的博物館，數量增加。其次，政治語彙持續存在於指標性的博物館中，並沒有因為政黨更替而消失。本文的第二部分，以歐美博物館發展中，博物館本身多重起源的特性，以及博物館作為文化資本累積的場域為關注點，根據本文第一部分的討論，提出臺灣的博物館發展與西方的實際差異。首先，博物館在臺灣的發展，乃來自政府不同時期的規劃，並不具西方博物館發展中的起源多樣性。其次，臺灣的博物館作為政策規劃下的產物，大體而言，並不屬於上流社會階層累積文化資本的場所。

關鍵字

博物館；政府；文化政策

並列摘要

This paper employs a macro-oriented policy research method to investigate how various cultural policies of the central government have influenced museum development in Taiwan over time. Museum development projects have been shaped by broad political, social and economic contexts, leading to multi-faceted museum development in Taiwan. In this paper, it is argued that museum development projects initiated in the late 1970s under the 12 Major Construction Projects can be considered ＂culture for culture's sake＂. Later museum development projects were mostly developed in response to broader policy issues such as community empowerment projects and the government's promotion of cultural and creative industries, resulting in the establishment of too many museums and the loss of the core functions of museums. In addition, political ideologies have persisted among Taiwan's leading museums, such as the National Palace Museum, even with changes in ruling political parties. In this paper, there is also a discussion of the need to amend Euro-American approaches when applying them to museum development in Taiwan, as the government-led museum development in Taiwan since the Japanese colonial period is in stark contrast to the diverse origins of museums in Europe. Moreover, this government-led museum development has shaped museums in Taiwan into educational institutions rather than venues for the upper class to accumulate cultural capital.