明代總督巡撫職掌初探

A Preliminary Study of the Powers of the Zŏngdū and Xúnfŭ in the Ming Dynasty

劉振仁(Chen-jen Liu)

《全人教育集刊》 6期 (2020/12) Pp. 43-72

https://doi.org/10.6689/BHE.202012_(6).0003

摘要

總督和巡撫是明代官僚政治中的一支重要力量。這些官員，大都入為朝廷顯官，參與國家大政之制訂執行；當其出撫地方時，往往更掌握一地的軍政大權，其所作所為，實關係著地方的治亂安危甚鉅，對於明代的政治有著重要的影響。自明代中葉開始，當總督巡撫制度漸上軌道之後，早期明帝國地方上名義的首長－三司，包括布政使司、按察使司與都指揮使司的職權，就已經慢慢被總督和巡撫所侵奪；到了最後，總督巡撫已隱然為明帝國地方上的最高行政首長。其作為攸關明代地方治亂興衰，更與民生福祉息息相關。本文嘗試從行政、財政、軍事及司法監察等各方面來探討明代總督巡撫的職掌及其影響。

關鍵字

明代 ； 總督 ； 巡撫 ； 官僚政治

並列摘要

The Zŏngdū and xúnfŭ were an important force in the bureaucracy of the Ming Dynasty. Most of these officials became prominent officials of the imperial court and participated in the formulation and implementation of the country’s major political affairs. When they were sent to a local government, they tended to have more control over the military and political power of the same place. What they did was actually related to the security of the local government. The politics of China has an important influence. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, when the system of Zŏngdū and xúnfŭ gradually got on track, the functions and powers of the three chiefs in the early Ming empire, including Bù zhèng shĭ sī, ànchá shĭ sī , dōu zhĭhuī shĭ sī, have been gradually taken over by the Zŏngdū and xúnfŭ . In the end, the Zŏngdū and xúnfŭ has become the highest administrative chief of the Ming Empire. Its role is related to the rise and fall of local government in the Ming Dynasty, and it is also closely related to people's livelihood and welfare. This article attempts to explore the power and influence of the Zŏngdū and xúnfŭ in the Ming Dynasty from various aspects such as administration, finance, military and judicial supervision.

並列關鍵字

Ming Dynasty ； Zŏngdū ； Xúnfŭ ； Bureaucratic politics