慎独辨：以刘宗周的慎独说及其对朱熹、王阳明的批评为例

On the Confucian Idea of Vigilance in Solitude (Shen Du): A Study of LIU Zongzhou's Philosophy and His Criticism of ZHU Xi and WANG Yangming

甘祥满(GAN Xiangman)

《比較經學》 1期 (2013/01) Pp. 107-136

摘要

“慎独”源出《大学》、《中庸》，是儒家学说的重要概念。在《大学》、《中庸》二书里，慎独主要为自知、不自欺的内心诚实之意。明儒刘宗周的学说以慎独为宗，对《大学》、《中庸》中的慎独做了各有侧重的梳理和阐释。刘宗周认为，《大学》中的慎独实是贯穿于自“格物”以至“平天下”八条目中的工夫，因其隐微而不二故谓之“独”；《中庸》中的慎独则具有天命之性的性体之义。刘宗周对朱熹和王阳明的慎独说均有所批评，认为朱熹把慎独之“独”理解为独知、独处，并把工夫离析为两段，失之支离；又认为王阳明以良知换慎独，与《大学》本文不洽，而其以意为用、心为体的说法更是“将意字认坏”。在刘宗周看来，慎独乃是儒家的学统和血脉，故须慎重对待。

關鍵字

慎独 ； 《大学》 ； 《中庸》 ； 刘宗周 ； 朱熹 ； 王阳明

並列摘要

The expression ＂being vigilant in solitude＂ (Shen Du), comes from the Great Learning (Da Xue) and the Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong), and is a central concept in Confucianism. In the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, ＂vigilance in solitude＂ basically means knowing oneself or having a sincere and honest evaluation of oneself. LIU Zongzhou, a famous Confucian scholar in the Ming Dynasty, took the concept of ＂vigilance in solitude＂ as his doctrinal leitmotiv and interpreted the concept with particular emphasis in the Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean respectively. In the Great Learning, LIU proposed that the notion of ＂vigilance in solitude＂ runs through the exercises of the Eight Entries (Ba Tiaomu) from the Investigating of Things (Ge Wu) to Making the Whole Realm Peaceful (Ping Tianxia); in the Doctrine of the Mean, ＂vigilance in solitude＂ was the essence of the Mandate of Heaven (Tian ming). LIU Zongzhou criticized the doctrine of ZHU Xi and WANG Yangming. The former interpreted ＂vigilance in solitude＂ as ＂knowing alone＂ or ＂staying alone; and the latter interpreted it as ＂innate knowledge＂ (liang zhi), which was contrary to the Great Learning. He also considered will (Yi) as the Function (Yong), and Heart (Xin) as Substance (Ti) which, in LIU Zongzhou’s opinon, was incorrect. According to LIU Zongzhou, ＂vigilance in solitude＂ is a fundamental tradition and the life blood of Confucianism and must be handled carefully.

並列關鍵字

Vigilance in Solitude ； Great Learning ； Doctrine of the Mean ； ZHU Xi ； WANG Yangming