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“敬天”与“成人”:清初太仓文人的道德践履新探

"Jingtian" and "Chengren": A New Study on the Moral Practice of the Taicang's Literati in the Early Qing Dynasty

摘要


陆世仪作为类东“敬天”之学的首创者,其所体认的“敬”是一种带有鲜明他律色彩的道德情感(天监),正因此,其道德践履才时时伴随着各忡外在的仪式(群聚考德、日记敬怠、焚香告天,等等),“天监”于是也成为了“成人”的先决条件;论文细致分析了陆氏敬天思想的具体蕴含,即:相信“上帝”存在,为学之关键在“持敬”、信仰之落脚点在“此生”之“成人”,而非“死后”之“成神”;阐述了陆世仪敬天思想在太仓文人群体中的落实与践履:首先探讨陈瑚的敬天思想及其践履尝试,指出陈瑚等人所认定的“大学”之道,不在空谈性理、而在日用行事,更进一步说,即大“道”通“途”是必须借助日记敬怠、分期考德才能得以具体呈现,其效能之高低则与是否肯认“天监”密切相关;然后根据《志学录》将太仓文人群“寡过之学”的主要方式归纳为三忡,即:经学会讲、观摩日谱和考德聚念,考出曾参与此学的当地人士50余人;论文之第三部分对陆世仪敬天思想之来源及其后世影响做出了深入探讨,指出“敬天”之学在顺治、康熙时代不仅堪称一种“风潮“而且更可谓学界“显学”。论文认为,陆世仪虽然从未直接表明其敬天之学受到东传之天主教的影响,但其以情感、人格、主宰诸内涵“天”的做法与晚明清初蔚然成风的“天学”(天主教)思潮相契相通,故尽管陆氏一再强调其“敬天”之念来自灵光一现的自我顿悟,然而在这忡“自悟”之后却东传之天主教所掀的、以先秦典籍之“上帝”来诠释天主教之“天主”的时代风潮,陆氏敬天之悟正是受到此一风潮的间接剌激、感染所致。

並列摘要


As the pioneer of the teaching on "Jingtian (Revering God)" in Loudong (Taicang) School of Thought, Lu Shiyi understood "revering" to be a moral sentiment with an accompanying external ritual (including group supervision, daily devotion to God, and offering of incense, etc.). The specific content of Lu's thought of revering God is analyzed in detail in this paper. People should believe in God's existence, the key to learning is to revere God, and the focus of belief is "Chengren (becoming a genuine person)" in this life rather than gaining immortality in the afterlife. The paper also discusses the influence and practice of Lu Shiyi's thought among other scholars such as Chen Hu. It is pointed that this teaching was similar to Catholic thought which became influential in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. Lu Shiyi's "Revering God" was stimulated and influenced by the trends of the time.

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