肯定而否定而重新肯定自我－從牟宗三對齊克果之批評分析基督教與儒家之本體論分歧

Self-Affirmation and Self-Negation: An Analysis on the Ontological Disagreements between Christianity and Confucianism in Mou Zongsan's Criticism of Kierkegaard

譚家博(TAM Ka Pok)

《道風：基督教文化評論》 56期 (2022/01) Pp. 173-208

摘要

儘管牟宗三對於齊克果哲學的討論較少，在《中國哲學的特質》裏，牟宗三曾以齊克果為例，說明基督宗教與儒家本體論之根本差異。牟宗三認為，儒家肯定個人道德主體，但基督宗教卻將自我否定及消融於上帝的主體中。然而，即使人們認同齊克果哲學能夠代表基督宗教的本體論立場，本文認為「否定自我」並不足以形容齊克果哲學的全相。齊克果認為，基督宗教乃由「肯定自我」之「宗教性甲」及「否定自我」的「宗教性乙」共同組成，然而牟宗三似乎忽略了前者。透過批評牟宗三以肯定自我與否定自我的過度簡化二元劃分，本文重新檢視以牟宗三為代表之儒家與以齊克果為代表之基督宗教兩套本體論就個人主體性問題之立場，從而為耶儒對話提供新的方向。

關鍵字

牟宗三 ； 齊克果 ； 新儒家 ； 中國哲學 ； 主體性

並列摘要

Mou Zongsan rarely discusses Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy. Nevertheless, in On the Characteristics of Chinese Philosophy, Mou uses Kierkegaard as an example to illustrate the fundamental ontological differences between Christianity and Confucianism. Mou claims that Confucians affirm moral subjectivity, while Christians urge one to deny one's sinful self and to be integrated into God's subjectivity. Therefore, Mou believes that Confucianism is characterized by self-affirmation, while Christianity is characterized by self-negation. As a response to this, this article argues that, even if one agrees that Kierkegaard's philosophy may represent this perspective of Christian ontology, ＂self-negation＂ can hardly outline the whole picture of Kierkegaard's philosophy. By criticizing Mou's oversimplified dichotomy of self-affirmation and self-negation, this article examines both Mou's Confucian and Kierkegaard's Christian perspectives on the ontological question of individual subjectivity, which can provide new insight to Confucian-Christian dialogue.

並列關鍵字

Mou Zongsan ； Søren Kierkegaard ； New Confucianism ； Chinese Philosophy ； Subjectivity