評《拜客訓示》：一部耶穌會實施「適應」策略的「秘笈」

Comments on Instruction pour les visites de mandarins: A Jesuit walkthrough guide with strategies to ＂adapt＂

張鎧(Kai Zhang)

《季風亞洲研究》 1期 (2015/10) Pp. 113-131

摘要

《拜客訓示》大約成書於晚明。它實質上是耶穌會為了實施「適應」策略而為新來華的傳教士所編撰的一部實用手冊。由於《拜客訓示》涉及的是在華「住院」的內部事務，因此其內容很少為「外界」所知，故可以視作是一部「秘笈」。《拜客訓示》也是一部實用的漢語教材，體現了自利瑪竇以來，耶穌會士學習漢語和對新來華的傳教士進行語言培訓的成果。除此之外，《拜客訓示》同時包含有豐富的中國日常生活的資訊，等於為新來華的傳教士打開了一扇認識中國社會的視窗。由於《拜客訓示》一書的大部分漢字其右側均附有拉丁字母注音，因此可使當代學者對於晚明時代的「普遍音」，仍可推知大概。可以說該文獻為當代學者研究漢語語音變化的規律提供了難得的參照系。《拜客訓示》更表明，對文明多樣性的認同是耶穌會推行「適應」策略的基石。

關鍵字

耶穌會的「適應」策略 ； 《拜客訓示》 ； 文明多樣性

並列摘要

The Instruction pour les visites de mandarins was supposedly written in late Ming dynasty. It was, in effect, a practical guide compiled to help those missionaries apply the Jesuit strategy to ＂adapt＂ in China. As substances of the Instruction pour les visites de mandarins involved internal affairs of the missionaries who stayed in monasteries in China, little of its contents were known to the outside world, therefore we may consider it as a secret walkthrough guide. The Instruction pour les visites de mandarins was also a functional Mandarin teaching material, which embodied the achievements of Jesuits learning Mandarin and the subsequent language training they provided for newly arrived missionaries. The Instruction pour les visites de mandarins contained a rich amount of information concerning daily lives in China, and enabled those missionaries who had just came to China to understand the Chinese society quickly. As Latin phonetics were provided for most of the Chinese characters in Instruction pour les visites de mandarins, contemporary scholars shall be able to get a rough idea of the common pronunciations that were used in late Ming dynasty. Thus it could be said that this document offered a rare reference for contemporary linguists who studied the changes in Chinese spoken language. The Instruction pour les visites de mandarins also illustrated that acknowledgement of cultural diversity was the cornerstone idea of the Jesuits' ＂adapt＂ strategy.

並列關鍵字

Jesuits' ＂adapt＂ strategy ； Instruction pour les visites de mandarins. Cultural diversity