王在晉《海防纂要》「週天各國圖四分之一」的起源與形成

The Origin and Formation of ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi＂ in Wang Zaijin's Haifang zuan yao

徐光台(Hsu Kuang-Tai)

《季風亞洲研究》 9期 (2019/10) Pp. 1-75

摘要

明末王在晉（1570-1643）《海防纂要》（1613）有幅「利瑪竇刊」「週天各國圖四分之一」，以約四分之一圓的形構呈現大明與日本間地理位置的海防關聯。過去多認為利瑪竇（Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610）繪製它的原型原始圖，也有覺得它出自馮應京傳刻之圖。本文通過論證來釐清它的起源與形成。首先，明末倭寇入侵使大明與日本間地理關聯的海防圖非常敏感，加上「週天」與「各國圖」彼此觀點相互矛盾，筆者判斷利瑪竇不可能繪製其原型原始圖。其次，王在晉自述擇「外國總圖，存其大都」，反映「週天各國圖四分之一」只是從利瑪竇世界地圖中擇存其大概而已。第三，王在晉似未與利瑪竇交往，在編《海防纂要》以前似未見過利瑪竇世界地圖。筆者通過比較馮應京和李之藻相關生平經歷和與利瑪竇的交往，兩人對西學和利瑪竇世界地圖認識與傳播的程度，認為1613年李之藻在杭州守喪，王在晉拜訪這位士人中最熟悉《坤輿萬國全圖》者，他未為王在晉繪製「週天各國圖四分之一」，卻以其宏觀視野就《坤輿萬國全圖》主圖與「赤道北地半球之圖」為王在晉指出要點。最後，王在晉經過一些步驟與調整，產生「週天各國圖四分之一」的形構，調整其內文字，並賦予其名稱。

關鍵字

利瑪竇 ； 《坤輿萬國全圖》 ； 王在晉 ； 《海防纂要》 ； 週天各國圖四分之一 ； 李之藻 ； 馮應京

並列摘要

In Haifang zuan yao 海防纂要, published by Wang Zaijin 王在晉 in 1613, there is ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi 週天各國圖四分之一,＂ listed as ＂Matteo Ricci issued 利瑪竇刊,＂ showing the geographic relationship between Daming 大明and Japan from viewpoint of coast defense. In the past most scholars regarded its prototype produced by Ricci. This paper aims at making an argument to clarify its origin and formation. First, in late Ming frequent invasions of Japanese pirates made the map showing the geographic relationship between Daming and Japan so sensitive that it could not be handled by a missionary like Ricci. In addition, ＂zhou tian 週天＂ means that people on the surface of the Earth looks star(s) moving around it circularly, and＂ge guo tu 各國圖＂ focuses on the geographical distribution of different countries on the Earth, their viewpoint are contradictory with each other. Thus, the author judges that Ricci could not produce the prototype of ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi.＂ Secondly, according to Wang Zaijin's statement that ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi＂ came from his choice of ＂making an approximate outline from foreign world map,＂ it means that Ricci did not produce its prototype. Thirdly, Ricci seemed never associate with Wang Zaijin, who did not mention Ricci's world map before he edited Haifang zuan yao. The author finds that in 1613 Li Zhizao, who was the most familiar of Kunyu wanguo quantu among literati, stayed in Hangzhou in mourning after the death of his father, Wang Zaijin most probably visited him. Although Li Zhizao could not produce ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi,＂ however, he most probably gave Wang Zaijin some suggestion about how to make a small map from Ricci's Kunyu wanguo quantu. At last, following Li Zhizao's suggestion, by means of some steps and adjustments Wang produced its configuration, then he adjusted some names of places or areas in it, and gave its title as ＂Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi.＂

並列關鍵字

Matteo Ricci ； Kunyu wanguo quantu ； Wang Zaijin ； Haifang zuan yao ； Zhou tian ge guo tu si fen zhi yi ； Li Zhizao ； Feng Yingjing