自我身分、倫理性格與社會象徵：道與法的根本差異與複合現象

過去學界已經通過服飾形象（紅頭／黑頭）或儀式性質（文／武）等面向，指出當代道教（道）與地方驅邪法術傳統（法）之間的差異。然而，這種差異與區隔卻因道、法愈發交融的地方儀式現象而顯模糊。有鑑於此，本文擬從自我身分的堅持與否以及倫理性格與社會象徵的差異入手，重申無論是在歷史或者當代，道教與地方法術傳統之間的根本差異。這樣的努力並非為了重新劃清道教域界，而是希望能夠更為清楚理解道教在其發展過程，究竟如何與其他來源不同的宗教文化傳統有所互動、甚或結合。為了更好地說明這一點，我們除了嘗試簡述道與法的互動歷史，也會展示目前已知的幾種道法複合現象。希望藉此，重新在紛雜多端的中國宗教現象之中提供可能的指引，便於清楚理解「什麼是道教」以及它的發展歷史。

關鍵字

道教；儀式；驅邪；複合

並列摘要

Past scholars have already raised the differences between contemporary Daoism and local traditions of exorcist methods and arts by looking at clothing and accessories (red-hat vs. black-hat) or the nature of the ritual (civil vs. martial). Yet, these kinds of differences and divisions, while they indeed gradually arise, become quite vague as Dao and Fa traditions intermingle more and more in local ritual manifestations. Therefore, this paper aims to begin with the practitioners' insistence on self-identity, as well as differences in ethical character and social symbolism, in order to reiterate, both in historical and contemporary periods, the fundamental differences between Daoism and local traditions of exorcist methods and arts. This is not an effort to once again distinguish clearly the boundaries of Daoism, but is instead a hope to further clarify and understand Daoism in its process of development, to unravel how it interacted with traditions and religious cultures unlike its own origins and the extent to which they have integrated. In order to better illustrate this point, in addition to attempting to outline the history of the interaction between Dao and Fa traditions, the author will also show a few variations currently known of the composite appearances of Dao and Fa. The author hopes, thereby, within such numerous and diverse Chinese religious phenomena, to again offer some possible guidance in further understanding clearly the question “What is Daoism?” as well as the tradition's historical development.