宋元道教清微法與地方密教傳統

Pure Tenuity Method (Qingwei fa 清微法) in Song and Yuan Dynasty Daoism and Local Esoteric Buddhist Traditions

謝世維(Hsieh Shu-wei)

《華人宗教研究》 9期 (2017/01) Pp. 7-44

https://doi.org/10.6720/SCR.201701_(9).0001

摘要

本文探討宋元道教清微派與地方密教之關係。清微派並不是一個完整而一貫體系的宗派，是系統複雜而多重體系的代稱。本文試著探討清微派標準化策略背後的地方宗教多元性，一方面形塑多元清微法之「共相」，另一方面討論清微派與地方宗教傳統之關係，並呈現其區域之「殊相」。清微教法於宋末在廣西、福建地區逐漸形成。除了統合了當時與先前的諸種道教傳承並確立其教法權威，也廣泛傳布於各地知識階層，其徒眾遍及浙江、江西、湖北、雲南等地，但也同時發展出各種地方性的清微法。其中清微法對地方密教諸如瑜伽法、穢跡法的吸收，顯示著清微法與地方密教傳統有著互動關係。本文從現存清微法文獻當中，梳理與地方密教相關的材料，並論述其間之關係。

關鍵字

道教 ； 清微法 ； 密教 ； 趙宜真 ； 天罡大聖

並列摘要

This paper explores the relationship between Qingwei branch Daoism and local religions. The Qingwei branch is not a complete or consistently structured group, but rather a collective term for a systematized, complex, multi-faceted body of religious practices. This paper attempts to explore the multiplicity of local religion behind strategies to standardize the Qingwei branch, in one regard the commonalities in the formation of multiple forms of Qingwei methods, in another regard discussing the relationship between the Qingwei branch and local religious traditions and the divergences that emerged in localities. At the end of the Song dynasty, Qingwei Daoist teachings and methods were gradually forming in southern Chinese provinces like Guangxi and Fujian. Besides integrating various Daoist lineages, both earlier and current, as well as establishing authority for its teachings and methods, the movement spread widely among China's intelligentsia, and its disciples dispersed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei and Yunnan provinces. Yet, at the same time, each region developed various kinds of local Qingwei methods. In this, the absorption of local esoteric Buddhist rituals such as Yoga and Ucchusma rites into the Qingwei methods illustrates the interactive relationship between local esoteric Buddhism and Qingwei methods. This paper, drawing on extant sources of Qingwei methods, sorts out the materials related to local esoteric Buddhism and analyzes the relationship between the two traditions.

並列關鍵字

Daoism ； Pure Tenuity Method ； Esoteric Buddhism ； Zhao Yizhen ； Ucchusma

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