- 期刊
The Peach Spring Grotto in Yao Daoism: The Ritual of "Repaying a Debt to the Supreme Parents of Flowers" in Mien Society of Guangxi, China
瑤傳道教中的「桃源洞」：中國廣西勉瑤的「填賠花皇」儀式
摘要
This paper analyzes the flower beliefs of the Mien 勉瑤 in Guangxi 廣西, China and the ritual of "Repaying a Debt to the Supreme Parents of Flowers" (Tianpei huahuang 填賠花皇) for healing ill children. It explores themes, such as the flower soul, the Peach Spring Grotto (Taoyuandong 桃源洞), and female fertility, which are related to the Lüshan 閭山 School in Yao Daoism prevalent in southern China. In Mien beliefs, a complete human is comprised of physical, spiritual, and social aspects. The spiritual is the souls, represented as a flower, which was bestowed by the Supreme Parents of Flowers who supervise the Peach Spring Grotto. If a child is sick or has behavioral problems before puberty, it is usually regarded as related to having lost their flower souls. Therefore, the goal of the ritual "Repaying a Debt to the Supreme Parents of Flowers" is not only to compensate the Supreme Parents of Flowers, but also to redeem the lost souls from the underworld. In the Mien religious landscape, whether a spirit is regarded as a god or a ghost depends on where they dwell. The Supreme Parents of Flowers dwell in the Peach Spring Grotto and are not worshipped at the household altar, and therefore their nature is more that of a ghost than a god. However, they have the spiritual power to nurture and bestow flower souls, therefore their relationship with a Mien household is that of a "creditor" and "debtor." The flower souls thus become part of the exchange between the yin/yang realms and of the interactions between inner/outer. The analysis of the ritual also shows that Mien have fully adopted the Daoist liturgical structure in their rituals related to the flower beliefs.
並列摘要
本文藉由分析中國廣西勉瑤的花信仰及其為治療孩童所舉行的「填賠花皇」儀式，探討在其宗教傳統中與中國南方閭山派密切相關的一系列主題－花魂、「桃源洞」以及女性生育力。在勉瑤的人觀裡，一個完整的「人」包括三個層面：生理層面、精神層面和社會層面。其中精神層面的「魂魄」－以「花」作為表徵－由「桃源洞」裡的「花皇父母」所賜予。孩子在成年前一旦生病或難養，通常都與他或她的花魂走失有關，因此「填賠花皇」的儀式目的不但為了還債答謝，也為了到陰間贖魂。「花皇父母」在勉瑤的神鬼觀中屬於外鬼，卻具有養育並賜予花魂的靈力，這使得以家屋為表徵的勉瑤社會，與其形成「債權人」與「債務人」的關係，花魂因此成為陰／陽兩界與內／外之間互動時交換的一部分。而該儀式的分析亦顯示，勉瑤在與花信仰有關的儀式上，全面地採借了道教的禮儀架構。
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