從驚弓之鳥到耀眼明星？中國私營企業主的政治參與：類型、發展與限制

From the Scary Bird to the Dazzling Star? Research on Political Participation of Chinese Private Entrepreneurs: Patterns, Development and Limitations

柳金財(Liu, Chin-Tsai)

《發展與前瞻學報》 29期 (2020/09) Pp. 3-32

https://doi.org/10.6737/JDP.202009_(29).01

摘要

自改革開放後，中國社會結構逐漸產生一批新興企業家階層，這些新經濟菁英的崛起對未來政治民主化發展，產生何種效應存有諸多爭論。肯定論者以為中國社會即將擁有一批具有獨立人格與思考的中產階級，扮演著維持社會秩序穩定的安全閥角色，並與政治體制保持一定距離，從而成為一股推動民主與憲政成長的積極力量。反對論者則認為企業主將繼續尋求現行體制之庇護，而成為體制改革的保守力量及民主政治發展的阻礙者。本文試從中共黨國體系的「政治吸納」策略及私營企業主的「政治投資」策略此種雙重途徑視角，分析私營企業主逐漸提高的社會經濟地位已反應在政治參與上的需求、態度、目標及參與模式途徑。私營企業主的產生逐漸由邊緣群體轉向菁英化趨勢，由於經濟地位與政治地位呈現不對稱的狀態，黨國體系傾向運用政治職位安排、黨建工作吸收入黨及政治統戰吸收加入民主黨派等政治吸納策略，建構黨國與私營企業主為一利益結構體。同時，私營企業主則從「政治投資」的動機尋求政商關係之保護傘以維其經濟利益，其策略包括職位競選、組建商會、參與公益、輿論造勢及政治遊說等。不少私營企業主階層已漸成為「特殊獲益群體」，對政治改革抱持相當保守態度，且被納入至黨國權力結構中，其在政治民主化上的影響力和扮演的促進者角色相當有限。

關鍵字

私營企業主 ； 入黨 ； 政治參與 ； 政治吸納 ； 政治投資 ； 政治遊說

並列摘要

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy, China's social structure gradually produce a number of emerging entrepreneurial class. There is a lot of controversy on the rise of these new economic elites producing effect for political democratic development. Proponents think that the private entrepreneurs have become a positive force to promote the growth of constitutional democracy. Opposition commentators have held the private sector commanding reduced to the obstruction of the conservative forces of the institutional reform and the development of democratic politics. This article tries to use the ＂political arrangement＂ strategies from the Chinese Communist Party system and initiative ＂political investment＂ strategies of private entrepreneurs as a dual approach, analysis of the private entrepreneurs gradually improve the socio-economic status, attitudes, goals and participation modes. Generation of private entrepreneurs gradually shifted from marginalized groups to the elite, asymmetric situation between the economic and political status of the state, the party-state system tendency to use political inclusion strategy, including arrangement of political office, join the party, political united front to democratic parties and other political work of party building, the construction of the party-state and private entrepreneurs as a structure of interest. Meanwhile, the motivation of private business owners' political investment are to seek the umbrella of political and commercial relations to protect their interests, including campaign positions, the formation of the Chamber of Commerce, participate in public service, public opinion campaign and political lobbying. Private entrepreneur class has gradually become a special interest groups, hold a very conservative attitude of political reform, and is included in the power structure of the party-state, and its influence on the political democratization and the role of facilitator played is quite limited.

並列關鍵字

private entrepreneurs ； party organization-building ； political participation ； political arrangement ； political investment ； political lobbying

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