日本電視動畫的基本語法－論「有限動畫」之歷史脈絡與特殊表現形式

The Grammar of Japanese Animated TV Series: On the Historical Contexts and the Artistic Forms of Limited Animation

柯惠玲(Ko, Hui Ling)

《竹蜻蜓．兒少文學與文化》 2期 (2016/06) Pp. 87-147

https://doi.org/10.6738/bdclc.201606_(2).0003

摘要

當代及日本電視動畫主要以普遍稱之為「有限動畫」的藝術形式構成，「有限動畫」一詞，常讓人產生誤解，認為「有限」代表的是侷限或不足，但從電視動畫發展的歷史與表現來觀察，其實有限動畫是一種技術與風格的製作選擇，具有其特殊的表現方式與敘事美學。本文從闡述有限動畫的歷史脈絡與媒介互動關係切入，梳理了日本電視動畫從1963年手塚治虫《原子小金剛》之後如何以有限動畫模式敘事表意，以及有限動畫與日本漫畫、傳統故事說演－紙芝居在表現形式上的傳承及影響；最後分析有限動畫形式如何藉由平面構成、蒙太奇技巧、運動鏡頭、聲音效果與漫畫技法等各元素的相互合作，以達成靜中求動與動中有靜的絕妙境界。文末亦建議改用「限動動畫」一詞指稱「有限動畫」，以相應此種動畫藝術處理動態感時所採取的態度與美學風格，希冀藉由此一字之更，讓吾人對於此種藝術形式的觀看與詮釋有所變易，並能以更開闊的角度重新省視其於動畫藝術發展版圖中的特殊表現與位置。

關鍵字

有限動畫 ； 電視動畫 ； 手塚治虫 ； 紙芝居 ； 限動動畫

並列摘要

Contemporary and Japanese animated TV series are mainly constructed by so-called limited animation. The phrase ＂limited animation＂ often causes the misunderstanding that ＂limited＂ means restriction or insufficiency. But through observing the historical development process and performance of animated TV series in Anime, limited animation is actually a different approach of technology and style, and is rich in special artistic forms and narrative aesthetics. This essay first elaborates how Japanese animated TV series tells stories and expresses emotions with limited animation since Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in 1963. Then, it illustrates the cultural inheritance and artistic influence among limited animation, Manga and Japanese traditional storytelling form -kamishibai. Finally, it analyzes how limited animation tells stories and creates illusion of movement by still images, flat-compositing, Montage, camera movement, sound effects, and comics skills. This essay ends with a suggestion that we could use the phrase ＂limited-movement animation＂ in stead of ＂limited animation.＂ The phrase ＂limited-movement animation＂ corresponds more with the attitude and aesthetic style while Japanese animated TV series arranging the dynamic movement. Hopefully, by the modification of one phrase, we could alter the conception and interpretation about this kind of artistic form; furthermore, from a broader point of view, to reinspect its special context and presentation in the development of aniamted art history.

並列關鍵字

limited animation ； animated TV series ； Osamu Tezuka ； kamishibai ； limited-movement animation